Evaluation of the chemical composition and variability of the volatile oils from Trembleya parviflora leaves

Abstract Trembleya parviflora (D. Don) Cogn., Melastomataceae, also known as "quaresmeira-branca", is a subshrub that is commonly used to treat verminosis, scabies, dermatoses, rheumatism, vaginal infections, ulcerations and wounds. The aim of this work was to perform a morphological study of T. parviflora, evaluate the composition and chemical variability of the volatile oils from the leaves, perform phytochemical screening of the powder from the leaves and to define parameters for quality control of the plant material. Macroscopic characterization of T. parviflora was carried out by naked eye in Serra dos Pireneus, Pirenópolis, Goiás for 12 months. Volatile oils were subjected to hydrodistillation with Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Phytochemical screening and ash and volatile compound content determination were performed by conventional techniques. T. parviflora has simple, oppositely crossed and petiolate leaves. The inflorescence of this plant is a cyme. The presence of coumarins, steroids, triterpenes, flavonoids and tannins was observed. The total ash content was 4.05 ± 0.02%; the insoluble ash content was 0.10 ± 0.03%; and the volatile compound content was 9.53 ± 0.02%. The major compounds present in the volatile oils were α-terpineol (2.7-16.5%), α-pinene (0.6-25.4%), β-pinene (2.7-23.1%), sabinene (1.2-14.1%), acetoxyeudesman-4-α-ol (0.6-6.3%) and 2,4a-8,8-tetramethyldecahydrocyclopropanaphtalene (2.4-24.4). Two clusters were identified: Cluster I represented the period with low levels of rainfall, and Cluster II represented the period with high levels of rainfall. This study provides data that can be applied for the quality control of powdered leaves and is the first description of the chemical composition and variability of the volatile oils from the leaves of T. parviflora.

Phytochemistry and antimicrobial activity of Campomanesia adamantium

ABSTRACT Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg., Myrtaceae, is a plant popularly used for its anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrhoeal and urinary antiseptic activities. The aims of this study were to obtain the crude ethanolic extract and the hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, aqueous and concentrated aqueous tannin fractions from C. adamantium leaves, perform biomonitored fractionation to isolate and identify chemical compounds, study the chemical composition of the volatile oils of the leaves and flowers and test the antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extract, fractions, isolated substances and volatile oils. Phytochemical screening and chromatographic and spectrometric techniques were used. Volatile oils were isolated by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The antimicrobial activity was tested by a broth microdilution test. The component stictane-3,22-diol was isolated and identified from the hexane fraction, while valoneic and gallic acid were isolated and identified from the concentrated aqueous tannin fraction. The major constituents of the volatile oils of the leaves were verbenene (13.91%), β-funebrene (12.05%) and limonene (10.32%), while those of the volatile oils of the flowers were sabinene (20.45%), limonene (19.33%), α-thujene (8.86%) and methyl salicylate (8.66%). Antibacterial activity was verified for the hexane fraction, while antifungal activity was observed for the aqueous fraction and concentrated aqueous tannin fraction and for vanoleic acid. These results may justify the popular use of C. adamantium.

Chemical composition and seasonal variation of the volatile oils from Trembleya phlogiformis leaves

ABSTRACT Trembleya phlogiformis DC., Melastomataceae, is a shrub whose leaves are used as a dye for dyeing wool and cotton. The present article aimed to carry out the morphological description of the species, to study the chemical composition of volatile oils from the leaves and flowers and the seasonal variability from the leaves during a year. Macroscopic characterization was carried out with the naked eye and with a stereoscopic microscope. Volatile oils were isolated by hydrodistillation in Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The major components of the volatile oil of T. phlogiformis flowers were: n-heneicosane (33.5%), phytol (12.3%), n-tricosane (8.4%) and linoleic acid (6.1%). It was verified the existence of a large chemical variability of the volatile oils from the leaves of T. phlogiformis over the months, with the majority compound (oleic alcohol, ranging from 5.7 to 26.8%) present in all samples. A combination of Cluster Analysis and Principal Component Analysis showed the existence of three main clusters, probably related to the seasons. The results suggested that the volatile oils of T. phlogiformis leaves possess high chemical variability, probably related to variation associated with rainfall and the variation in the behavior of specimens throughout the year. This research provides insights for future studies on the volatile oils obtained from the T. phlogiformis leaves and flowers, mainly related to biological markers of applications monitored in the leaves and flowers of this species.

Chemical composition and seasonal variability of the essential oils of leaves and morphological analysis of Hyptis carpinifolia

ABSTRACT Hyptis carpinifolia Benth., Lamiaceae, is a species known popularly as "rosmaninho" and "mata-pasto", and leaves are employed in Brazilian folk medicine to treat colds, flu, and rheumatism. The aim of this study was to perform a morphological description of H. carpinifolia and to evaluate the seasonal chemical variability of the leaf essential oils during 12 months. Macroscopic characterization of H. carpinifolia was carried out with the naked eye and with a stereoscopic microscope. Essential oils were isolated from leaves by hydrodistillation in Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Major compounds were found to be 1,8-cineole (39.6-61.8%), trans-cadina-1(6),4-diene (2.8-17.5%), β-caryophyllene (4.4-10.0%), prenopsan-8-ol (4.2-9.6%) and β-pinene (2.9-5.3%). Results of essential oils compositions were processed by cluster analysis and principal component analysis. Data showed high variability in the concentration of the components. Besides, there was a seasonal variability of chemical composition, probably related mainly to the rainfall regime.

Chemical composition of essential oils of leaves, flowers and fruits of Hortia oreadica

Abstract Hortia oreadica Groppo, Kallunki & Pirani, Rutaceae, known as “para-tudo”, “quina”, and “quina-do-campo”, is used in traditional medicine locally to treat stomach pain and fevers. The aims of this study were: analyze the chemical composition of essential oils from leaves, flowers and fruits of H. oreadica and verify the seasonal variation of the chemical components of essential oils from leaves. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger type apparatus and analyzed by GC/MS. The major components found in the samples of the essential oils were the amorpha-4,7(11)-diene (29.27% – flowers, 20.26% – fruits, 27.66–37.89% – leaves), bicyclogermacrene (23.28% – flowers, 20.64% – fruits, 14.71% to 31.37% – leaves). This work represents the first study of the chemical composition of essential oils from leaves, flowers and fruits and seasonal variation in the essential oils from leaves of H. oreadica.

Composição química e atividade antimicrobiana do óleo essencial e anatomia foliar e caulinar de Citrus limettioides Tanaka (Rutaceae) / Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil and Anatomy of Citrus limettioides Tanaka(Rutaceae) Leaves and Stem

Citrus limettioides (Rutaceae) é utilizada popularmente para tratamento da sinusite, e também como antitérmica e hipotensora. Este trabalho teve como objetivos: identificar os constituintes dos óleos essenciais da folha e da casca dos frutos de C. limettioides; avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana dos óleos essenciais da folha e da casca dos frutos e realizar o estudo anatômico da folha e caule jovem. Os óleos essenciais foram obtidos por hidrodestilação em aparelho de Clevenger modificado e analisados por CG-EM. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) foi determinada utilizando o método de microdiluição em caldo frente a bactérias Gram-positivas, Gram-negativas e fungos. Para o estudo anatômico foram realizados cortes histológicos a mão livre e as secções foram coradas com azul de Alcian/safranina, reagente de Steinmetz, lugol e analisados em microscopia de luz. O linalol foi o componente majoritário no óleo essencial das folhas (36,88 a 45,15%) e o limoneno no óleo da casca dos frutos (70,60 a 75,18%). O óleo essencial das folhas apresentou CIM de 2000 μg/mL frente às bactérias e nenhuma atividade frente aos fungos. O óleo essencial da casca dos frutos não apresentou atividade antimicrobiana. A folha é hipoestomática, predominando os estômatos anomocíticos; o mesofilo é dorsiventral com parênquima paliçádico bisseriado e parênquima lacunoso com 11 camadas de células. Cavidades secretoras foram observadas no mesofilo da folha, no pecíolo e no caule, enquanto cristais prismáticos foram identificados em todas as estruturas da folha e do caule. Os dados obtidos no estudo microscópico podem auxiliar na identificação taxonômica desta planta e na avaliação da autenticidade da droga vegetal.

Citrus limettioides (Rutaceae), a sweet lime, is popularly used to treat sinusitis, and as an antipyretic and hypotensive agent.the aim of this study was to identify the constituents of the essential oils from the leaf and fruit peel of C. limettioides, test the antimicrobial activity of these essential oils and perform an anatomical study of the leaf and young stem. Essential oils were isolated by steam distillation in a modified Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by GC-MS. the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi were determined by broth microdilution.Anatomical studies were performed on freehand histological sections, which were stained with Alcian blue / safranin, Steinmetz reagent and lugol and analyzed by light microscopy. Linalol was the major component in the leaf essential oil (36.88 to 45.15%) and limonene in the fruit peel essential oil (70.60 to 75.18%).the essential oil from leaves showed antimicrobial activity against bacteria (MIC 2000 μg/mL) and no activity against fungi.the essential oil from the fruit peel showed no antimicrobial activity. the leaf is hypostomatic with predominance of anomocytic stomata, the mesophyll is dorsiventral with biseriate palisade and 11 layers of spongy parenchyma cells.Secretory cavities were observed among the mesophyll cells of the leaf, petiole and stem, whilst prismatic crystals were identified in all structures of leaf and stem. the anatomical data obtained in the microscopic study may help in the taxonomic identification of this plant and to verify the authenticity of the drug plant.