[ effect of different levels of cadmium on the histopathological changes and the rate of lymphoid cells apoptosis of bursa of fabricius in broiler chickens]

Cadmium toxicity can cause kidney failure, liver damage and a weakened immune system in experimental and naturally occurring toxicities. This study was designed to investigate the effects of cadmium [Cd] on the histology and the rate of lymphoid apoptosis in the bursa of fabricius of chicken. One-hundred 20-day-old male Ross broilers were purchased and randomly divided into four groups. The control group [C] received no Cd, whereas groups 1, 2, and 3 had rations administered containing 25, 50 and 100 ppm cadmium as CdCl, respectively. At days 14, 28 and 42, seven chicks from each group were randomly selected and sacrificed. The bursa of Fabricius of each chick was removed, weighed, fixed in 10% buffered formalin and processed for histopathology and assessment of the rate of lymphoid cells apoptosis. The apoptotic cells were demonstrated in paraffin embedded tissue sections using the TUNEL[terminal oxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling] method. The concentration of Cd in the liver samples was measured by atomic absorption. Areverse correlation between the levels of Cd in the rations and the body weight of the chickens [p < 0.01] was found. The concentration of Cd in the liver showed a positive correlation with the levels of Cd in the rations [p < 0.01]. The number of apoptotic lymphoid cells was significantly increased in those groups receiving higher levels of Cd [especially groups 2 and 3] [p<0.01]. Morphologically, plicas and lymphoid follicles of groups 2 and 3 were smaller than of the control group. In the histological analysis they were found to be hypocellular and some of them were edematous. Compared to the control group, there was an increase in the number of intraepithelial cysts in groups 2 and 3 at days 28 and 42. In addition, atrophic changes of bursal paranchyma were observed in group 3 after 42 days. It can be concluded that under experimental conditions the higher concentrations of Cd in the rations [50 and 100 ppm]has detrimental effects on the bursa of Fabricius of chickens

[Effect of zataria multiflora boiss. essential oil on the growth of listeria monocytogenes in salted fish]

Essential oils and their components have antimicrobial effects. They use with spices as flavoring agents all over the world. They have been used safely since ancient times as herbal medicines. Zataria multiflora Boiss. is one of medicinal herbs in Iran and its antimicrobial effects on foodborne pathogens have to investigate in foodstuff. The aim of this study was to determine of the effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss. Essential oil on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in salted [4%] silver carp. Effect of different concentrations of this Essential oil [0.0%, 0.045%, 0.135%, 0.405%, and 0.810%] on behavior of Listeria monocytogenes was determined by evaluation of the bacterial growth in salted fish fillets. The essential oil in used concentrations had significant inhibitory effect on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in salted fish during the storage time. The higher concentration until 0.405%, the more significant inhibitory effects on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes [p<0.05] but 0.405% and 0.810% concentrations had no different significant inhibitory effects on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes [p>0.05]. Organoleptical survey showed that the concentrations of the essential oil used until 0.405% not only had no undesirable effect on flavoring but also it improve taste and flavor of salted fish. The result suggested that the Zataria multiflora Boiss. Essential oil can be considered as a natural preservative in salted fish

[Histopathological and ultrastractural changes of kidneys in response to cadmium chloride toxicity in broiler chickens]

Cadmium as a heavy metal has some detrimental effects on the health of living organisms. The aim of the present inventigation was to study the effects of cadmium induced toxicity on the kidney in a broiler chicken mode. Eighty four one day-old male Ross breed broiler chickens were obtained from a commercial poultry farm and randomly divided into four groups. While control [group 1] took no cadmium, groups 2,3 and 4 received a ration of 25,50 and 100 ppm cadmium [CdCl[2]] per day, respectively. At days 14, 28 and 42 seven birds were sacrificed and their kidneys were examined with both light microscope and transmission electron microscope. Data were statistically analyzed using 2- way ANOVA. Kidney lesions in the groups 3 and 4 were more severe than the group 2. Severity of kidney lesions showed both time and dose dependent manner increase so that all birds in groups 3 and 4 had severe kidney lesions. These groups received 50 and 100 ppm cadmium a day. Renal histopathology showed swelling, degenerative changes, necrosis and apoptosis in tubular epithelium as well as presence of hyaline casts and lack of kidney lymphoid tissue formation. It can be concluded that higher concentrations of dietary cadmium can induce kidney lesions in chickens through glomerular and tubular damages

Evaluation of Zataria mutiflora boiss. Effect on staphylococcus aureus in Feta Cheese

Thyme [Zataria multiflora Boiss] is one of the Iranian traditional spice and it has antimicrobial effect on the pathogenic bacteria which are agents for some current food borne intoxications. Evaluation of antimicrobial effect of mentioned plant essential oil on Staphylococcus aureus in Feta cheese. The essential oil of this plant was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/MS. Effects of different concentrations of this essential oil on Staphylococcus aureus were determined by evaluation of the microorganism growth on the selective media in laboratory, and these effect on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and when the mentioned concentrations of the essential oil were used in combination with cheese starter culture, the counts of the pathogen were decreased significantly below its toxic dose in this kind of food product. The antimicrobial effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss. in 300 ppm was higher than its lesser concentrations and with concern to the control groups, the synergistic effect between the starter and the essential oil is necessary to achieve this inhibitory effect

Effects of enrichment with ascorbil palmitate and starvation in cold condition on ascorbic acid content in nauplii of Artemia urmiana

A trial was conducted to study the effects of different periods of enrichment with ascorbil pulmitate and starvation in cold condition on ascorbic acid [AA] content in nauplii of Artemia urmiana. Four treatment groups with 4 replicates of freshly hatched nauplii were kept at 28°C in incubators containing enrichment medium for 0, 12, 18 and 24 hrs, respectively. Then all of them starved at 5°C for 0, 12, 18 and 24 hrs. AA content was determined using a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled with an electrochemical detector. The results showed that nauplii of A urmiana had high levels of AA in their bodies [1534 +/- 166 ug/g DW]. AA content increased following enrichment and reached to their maximum after 18 hrs [3600 +/- 282] and then reduced by 24 hrs of enrichment [2938 +/- 254]. There was a significant difference in AA levels between non-enriched and enriched groups [P<0.05]. Although AA content enhanced in all groups during starvation periods at 5°C, the increases were not significant. However, significant correlations could be observed between duration of starvation and increasing of AA levels in non-enriched, 12 h and 18 h enriched groups. In conclusion, nauplii of A. urmiana had high levels of AA and enrichment with ascorbil plamitate increased their AA content significantly

influence of foal heat oxytocin injection with or without lunging in foal heat on conception rate in mares with intrauterine fluid accumulation

To study the effect of oxytocin injection and also oxytocin plus lunging on intrauterine fluid reduction and conception rate in mares with intrauterine fluid accumulation. Experimental study. A total of 45 mares, 8-14 years old. Among the mares in foal heat, 45 mares with more than 1 cm2 fluid in their uterus [evaluated by ultrasonography] were selected and categorized randomly in 3 groups as follow: Group 1: Without treatment [control]. N=17. Group 2: Oxytocin injection [15 iu, IV], one daily, up to the end of foal heat [first injection on the 2[nd]day of foal heat]. N=14. Group 3: Treatment as group 2 plus lunging for 20-30 minutes, initiated 60 minutes after oxytocin injection [to evaluate the effect of lunging in association with oxytocin on uterine drainage]. N=14 Results: Reduction of uterine fluid after treatment was 71.4% and 98.9% in group 2 and 3 respectively compared with 17.6% in control group [P<0.05]. The total conception rate in 3 groups with uterine fluid less than 1 cm[2][61.5%] was significantly more than the total one in 3 groups with uterine fluid > 1 cm[2][26.3%][P<0.05]. Lunging and or oxytocin injection in mares with intrauterine fluid accumulation in foal heat can improve conception rate in next estrus

epidemiological approach to the zoophilic dermatophytoses in Iran

Dermatophytosis in domestic animals constitutes a constant source of infection for persons in contact with them. To have an epidemiological picture of zoophilic dermatophyte infections in Iran, a study has been carried out during a period of three years [1986-1989] in an attempt to find the causative dermatophytes which infect cats and cattle and also infected human subjects in contact with them. For this purpose, 9850 samples of hair and skin were collected from suspected cattle, 953 from suspected cats, and 2326 from infected human subjects. Clinical diagnosis was confirmed by direct microscopic examination and culture. The species isolated from all cattle were Trichophyton verrucosum; from cats, Microsporum canis and man, M. canis, 1583[68.1%] and T. verrucosum 743[31.9%]. From the infected human cases, mostly Tinea capitis and Tinea corporis were detected among the age groups of 1-9 and 20-29 years old, respectively. The incidence rate observed in winter and fall was higher than spring and summer