[Ultrasonographic study of pelvic bones structures in horse]

Pelvic bones injuries may cause lameness in horses. Radiography of pelvic region in horse is usually unsatisfactory due to difficulties and dangers. Meanwhile, advanced radiographic machines are not easily available which result in delay in diagnosis and treatment. In the current study, ultrasonography of the pelvic bones in 5 healthy horses, the approaches, and normal views were evaluated using A 2-5 MHZ convex probe for transcutaneous and 5-10 MHZ rectal probe for transrectal techniques. Ultrasonographic approaches for evaluating different parts of the pelvic region were defined and the bony structures were nominated. Pelvic sonography was indicative by the smooth and strong echo of the bone surface in most parts. Iliac body showed rough surface, Ischial tuber and arch just beneath the tail. The most difficult region for evaluation was coxofemoral joint. The dorsal surface of the joint was assessed by transcutaneous approach. Our findings showed that sonography can provide useful information about possible injuries of the pelvic region. This technique can be recommended for horse pelvic evaluation either before pelvic radiography or in the absence of advanced radiographic equipments

[Determining factors on people's probability of poverty using an ordinal cumulative logistic model]

Poverty in Iran is one of the interesting issues that researchers tried to find influential factors on it. However, quantitative studies about this issue, due to the lack of access to information or not using of advanced statistical methods, need to be generalized in order to specify effective factors on poverty. In this paper influential factors on poverty are determined and measured by the use of an ordinal cumulative logistic model. This model that includes the special case of binary response [poor or rich], has the advantage [relative to the available researches] that it increases states of the poverty levels to more than two categories [considering the ordinarily of the categories] and in this way, it uses more information to interpret the results. Using this model comparison of different poverty levels is also more efficient. By a logical way, we have categorized the total cost variable of the urban civilians by the poverty indexes into four ordinal categories, poor, pseudo-poor not-poor and pseudo-rich or rich. Although this categorization prevents the use of continues nature of initial cost variable, we prefer to use the created ordinal variable for two reasons. The first reason is the error due to the people's statements and their evaluation of their total expenditure which can be reduced by the recoding the responses into being or not being in a specific category. Secondly, this categorization enables us to recognize the poverty situation of Iranian households with respect to their cost situation and calculated absolute poverty line of Iran. So, we assume that the new categorized ordinal variable which considered as an ordinal response variable takes the value 1 for poor people, 2 for pseudo-poor people, 3 for not poor people and 4 for pseudo- rich or rich people. Because of ordinal nature of the response variable, we have used the cumulative ordinal logistic model for response of poverty situation in order to find effective economical and social factors on poverty and also measuring the amount of their effects. This model can give us the ability to find the odds of being poor against the other poverty levels [pseudo-poor, non-poor and pseudo-rich or rich]. By this model one can also obtain odds of being poor or Pseudo-poor against non-poor and Pseudo-rich or rich, also this model has the advantage of using the ordinal information of responses over the other simple logistic models. The data extracted from the urban family's cost and income survey in statistical center of Iran, show that employment status, marriage status, education status, gender of the head of the household and also home situation and number of family members in the house are important factors which affect the probability of being poor or pseudo-poor. Results show that the chance of being poor for single household [male or female] is so less than that of households with family size of 5 or more. For households with any family size the chance of being poor for females is more than that of males. Finally, the very important result is that the poverty situation for households with high family size is critical for people who are tenants

Short RIB polydactyly syndrome: a case report

Short rib polydactyly syndrome [SRPS] is a very rare congenital anomaly that is classified into four subtypes. It is an autosomal recessive inherited disease. We report a case of this syndrome without a previous family history of congenital defects