Phytochemical screening of Cordia glabrata (MART.) A.DC. extracts and its potential antioxidant, photoprotective, antimicrobial and antiviral activities / Triagem fitoquímica de extratos de Cordia glabrata (MART.) A.DC. e sua potencial atividade antioxidante, fotoprotetora, antimicrobiana e antiviral

Species of the genus Cordia have shown biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antiviral, and antifungal activities. The species Cordia glabrata (MART) A.DC. Has no information concerning its phytochemical profile and possible biological activities. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate this profile in ethanolic extracts of young, adult and senescent leaves, as well as their antioxidant, photoprotective, antimicrobial, and virucidal potentials. Phytochemical analysis was performed by TLC (thin-layer chromatography) and showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, and terpenes. The evaluation by UPLC-MS/MS (Ultra performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometer) evidenced the presence of caffeic (3.89 mgL-¹), p-cumaric (6.13 mgL-¹), and ferulic (0.58 mgL-¹) acids, whilst, in GC/MS (Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) analysis there was a greater amount of palmitic (51.17%), stearic (20.34%), linoleic (9.62%), and miristic (8.16%) fatty acids. The DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS+ (2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) radicals were used to verify the potential antioxidant activity, observing a better activity for the leaf extract in the adult phenological stage: 54.63 ± 1.06 µgmL-¹ (DPPH) and 44.21 ± 1.69 mM (ABTS). The potential photoprotective activity of the extracts was determined by spectrophotometry and the in vitro values of SPF (Sun Protection Factor) in young and adult leaves (5.47 and 5.41, respectively) showed values close to the minimum SPF of 6.0 required by ANVISA (Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency). It was not observed an antimicrobial activity for Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2000 µgmL-¹, however the anti-herpetic assay against the Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) showed a potent virucidal activity at the tested concentrations with CV50 value <0.195 µgmL-¹ and a Selectivity Index (SI = CC50 / CV50) greater than 448. The results [...].

Espécies do gênero Cordia apresentam atividades biológicas, como anti-inflamatória, analgésica, antioxidante, antiviral e antifúngica. Para a espécie Cordia glabrata (MART) A.DC., ainda não existem informações sobre seu perfil fitoquímico e possíveis atividades biológicas, deste modo, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar este perfil em extratos etanólicos de folhas jovens, adultas e senescentes, bem como o potencial antioxidante, fotoprotetor, antimicrobiano e virucida. A análise fitoquímica foi realizada por CCD (Cromatografia em Camada Delgada), mostrando a presença de flavonóides, taninos e terpenos. Na avaliação por CLAE EM/EM (Cromatografia Líquida de Ultra Eficiência acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas) foi evidenciado a presença dos ácidos caféico (3,89 mgL-¹), p-cumárico (6,13 mgL-¹) e ferúlico (0,58 mgL-¹), paralelamente, na CG/EM (Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas) verificou-se maior quantidade dos ácidos graxos palmítico (51,17%), esteárico (20,34%), linoléico (9,62%) e mirístico (8,16%). Os radicais DPPH (2,2-Difenil-1-picrilhidrazil) e ABTS+ (2′-Azino-bis (ácido 3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfônico)) foram utilizados para verificar o potencial antioxidante, observando se uma atividade superior para o extrato da folha em sua fase fenológica adulta: 54,63 ± 1,06 µgmL-¹ (DPPH) e 44,21 ± 1,69 mM (ABTS+). A potencial atividade fotoprotetora dos extratos foi determinada espectrofotometricamente e os valores in vitro de FPS (Fator de Proteção Solar) em folhas jovens e adultas (5,47 e 5,41 respectivamente) apresentaram valores próximos ao FPS mínimo de 6,0 exigido pela ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária). Não foi observada atividade antimicrobiana para Staphylococcus aureus sendo a concentração inibitória mínima de 2000 µgmL-¹, no entanto o ensaio anti-herpético contra o vírus Herpes simplex tipo 2 (HSV-2) mostrou uma potente atividade virucida nas concentrações testadas [...].

Phytochemical screening of Cordia glabrata (MART.) A.DC. extracts and its potential antioxidant, photoprotective, antimicrobial and antiviral activities

Abstract Species of the genus Cordia have shown biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antiviral, and antifungal activities. The species Cordia glabrata (MART) A.DC. Has no information concerning its phytochemical profile and possible biological activities. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate this profile in ethanolic extracts of young, adult and senescent leaves, as well as their antioxidant, photoprotective, antimicrobial, and virucidal potentials. Phytochemical analysis was performed by TLC (thin-layer chromatography) and showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, and terpenes. The evaluation by UPLC-MS/MS (Ultra performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometer) evidenced the presence of caffeic (3.89 mgL-1), p-cumaric (6.13 mgL-1), and ferulic (0.58 mgL-1) acids, whilst, in GC/MS (Gas chromatographymass spectrometry) analysis there was a greater amount of palmitic (51.17%), stearic (20.34%), linoleic (9.62%), and miristic (8.16%) fatty acids. The DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS+ (2-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) radicals were used to verify the potential antioxidant activity, observing a better activity for the leaf extract in the adult phenological stage: 54.63 ± 1.06 µgmL-1 (DPPH) and 44.21 ± 1.69 mM (ABTS). The potential photoprotective activity of the extracts was determined by spectrophotometry and the in vitro values of SPF (Sun Protection Factor) in young and adult leaves (5.47 and 5.41, respectively) showed values close to the minimum SPF of 6.0 required by ANVISA (Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency). It was not observed an antimicrobial activity for Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2000 gmL-1, however the anti-herpetic assay against the Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) showed a potent virucidal activity at the tested concentrations with CV50 value 0.195 gmL-1 and a Selectivity Index (SI = CC50 / CV50) greater than 448. The results obtained in this study suggest that extracts of leaves of C. glabrata in their adult phenological stage have potential antioxidant, photoprotective and virucidal activity, considering in vitro test results.

Resumo Espécies do gênero Cordia apresentam atividades biológicas, como anti-inflamatória, analgésica, antioxidante, antiviral e antifúngica. Para a espécie Cordia glabrata (MART) A.DC., ainda não existem informações sobre seu perfil fitoquímico e possíveis atividades biológicas, deste modo, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar este perfil em extratos etanólicos de folhas jovens, adultas e senescentes, bem como o potencial antioxidante, fotoprotetor, antimicrobiano e virucida. A análise fitoquímica foi realizada por CCD (Cromatografia em Camada Delgada), mostrando a presença de flavonóides, taninos e terpenos. Na avaliação por CLAE EM/EM (Cromatografia Líquida de Ultra Eficiência acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas) foi evidenciado a presença dos ácidos caféico (3,89 mgL-1), p-cumárico (6,13 mgL-1) e ferúlico (0,58 mgL-1), paralelamente, na CG/EM (Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas) verificou-se maior quantidade dos ácidos graxos palmítico (51,17%), esteárico (20,34%), linoléico (9,62%) e mirístico (8,16%). Os radicais DPPH (2,2-Difenil-1-picrilhidrazil) e ABTS+ (2-Azino-bis (ácido 3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfônico)) foram utilizados para verificar o potencial antioxidante, observando-se uma atividade superior para o extrato da folha em sua fase fenológica adulta: 54,63 ± 1,06 µgmL-1 (DPPH) e 44,21 ± 1,69 mM (ABTS+). A potencial atividade fotoprotetora dos extratos foi determinada espectrofotometricamente e os valores in vitro de FPS (Fator de Proteção Solar) em folhas jovens e adultas (5,47 e 5,41 respectivamente) apresentaram valores próximos ao FPS mínimo de 6,0 exigido pela ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária). Não foi observada atividade antimicrobiana para Staphylococcus aureus sendo a concentração inibitória mínima de 2000 gmL-1, no entanto o ensaio anti-herpético contra o vírus Herpes simplex tipo 2 (HSV-2) mostrou uma potente atividade virucida nas concentrações testadas com um valor de CV50 0,195 gmL-1 e um Índice de Seletividade (IS = CC50 / CV50) maior que 448. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo sugerem que extratos de folhas de C. glabrata em seu estágio fenológico adulto apresentam potencial antioxidante, fotoprotetora e virucida, considerando os resultados de testes in vitro.

Phytochemical screening of Cordia glabrata (MART.) A.DC. extracts and its potential antioxidant, photoprotective, antimicrobial and antiviral activities / Triagem fitoquímica de extratos de Cordia glabrata (MART.) A.DC. e sua potencial atividade antioxidante, fotoprotetora, antimicrobiana e antiviral

Abstract Species of the genus Cordia have shown biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antiviral, and antifungal activities. The species Cordia glabrata (MART) A.DC. Has no information concerning its phytochemical profile and possible biological activities. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate this profile in ethanolic extracts of young, adult and senescent leaves, as well as their antioxidant, photoprotective, antimicrobial, and virucidal potentials. Phytochemical analysis was performed by TLC (thin-layer chromatography) and showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, and terpenes. The evaluation by UPLC-MS/MS (Ultra performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometer) evidenced the presence of caffeic (3.89 mgL-1), p-cumaric (6.13 mgL-1), and ferulic (0.58 mgL-1) acids, whilst, in GC/MS (Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) analysis there was a greater amount of palmitic (51.17%), stearic (20.34%), linoleic (9.62%), and miristic (8.16%) fatty acids. The DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS+ (2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) radicals were used to verify the potential antioxidant activity, observing a better activity for the leaf extract in the adult phenological stage: 54.63 ± 1.06 µgmL-1 (DPPH) and 44.21 ± 1.69 mM (ABTS). The potential photoprotective activity of the extracts was determined by spectrophotometry and the in vitro values of SPF (Sun Protection Factor) in young and adult leaves (5.47 and 5.41, respectively) showed values close to the minimum SPF of 6.0 required by ANVISA (Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency). It was not observed an antimicrobial activity for Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2000 μgmL-1, however the anti-herpetic assay against the Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) showed a potent virucidal activity at the tested concentrations with CV50 value <0.195 μgmL-1 and a Selectivity Index (SI = CC50 / CV50) greater than 448. The results obtained in this study suggest that extracts of leaves of C. glabrata in their adult phenological stage have potential antioxidant, photoprotective and virucidal activity, considering in vitro test results.

Resumo Espécies do gênero Cordia apresentam atividades biológicas, como anti-inflamatória, analgésica, antioxidante, antiviral e antifúngica. Para a espécie Cordia glabrata (MART) A.DC., ainda não existem informações sobre seu perfil fitoquímico e possíveis atividades biológicas, deste modo, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar este perfil em extratos etanólicos de folhas jovens, adultas e senescentes, bem como o potencial antioxidante, fotoprotetor, antimicrobiano e virucida. A análise fitoquímica foi realizada por CCD (Cromatografia em Camada Delgada), mostrando a presença de flavonóides, taninos e terpenos. Na avaliação por CLAE EM/EM (Cromatografia Líquida de Ultra Eficiência acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas) foi evidenciado a presença dos ácidos caféico (3,89 mgL-1), p-cumárico (6,13 mgL-1) e ferúlico (0,58 mgL-1), paralelamente, na CG/EM (Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas) verificou-se maior quantidade dos ácidos graxos palmítico (51,17%), esteárico (20,34%), linoléico (9,62%) e mirístico (8,16%). Os radicais DPPH (2,2-Difenil-1-picrilhidrazil) e ABTS+ (2′-Azino-bis (ácido 3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfônico)) foram utilizados para verificar o potencial antioxidante, observando-se uma atividade superior para o extrato da folha em sua fase fenológica adulta: 54,63 ± 1,06 µgmL-1 (DPPH) e 44,21 ± 1,69 mM (ABTS+). A potencial atividade fotoprotetora dos extratos foi determinada espectrofotometricamente e os valores in vitro de FPS (Fator de Proteção Solar) em folhas jovens e adultas (5,47 e 5,41 respectivamente) apresentaram valores próximos ao FPS mínimo de 6,0 exigido pela ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária). Não foi observada atividade antimicrobiana para Staphylococcus aureus sendo a concentração inibitória mínima de 2000 μgmL-1, no entanto o ensaio anti-herpético contra o vírus Herpes simplex tipo 2 (HSV-2) mostrou uma potente atividade virucida nas concentrações testadas com um valor de CV50 <0,195 μgmL-1 e um Índice de Seletividade (IS = CC50 / CV50) maior que 448. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo sugerem que extratos de folhas de C. glabrata em seu estágio fenológico adulto apresentam potencial antioxidante, fotoprotetora e virucida, considerando os resultados de testes in vitro.

Expression Profiling Of Selected Micro Rnas Coupled With Molecular And Biochemical Analyses Of Asiaticosides In Centella Asiatica (L.)Urb In Vitro

Objective: Centella asiatica (L.) Urb from Umbelliferae is a potential source of secondary metabolites having immense medicinal value. Asiaticoside is the major therapeutic compound. In the present study, Identification of a possible relationship between concentration/transcript level expression of asiaticoside and concentrations of growth hormones at different growth stages was observed. The current study includes molecular and biochemical evaluation of stress generated in C. asiatica at different time intervals in vitro. Methods: The enhancement in auxin, cytokinin and final asiaticoside content were determined using immunoassay kits for auxin, cytokinin and HPLC analysis respectively. Transcript level expression at different growth phases was carried out using real-time RT-PCR. For isolation of stress-related miRNAs, reverse transcription of total RNA using miScript II RT Kit PCR System was carried out as per instructions. The differential expression of five selected miRNAs was done by Real-Time RT-PCR. The analysis of stress in vitro was done by quantification of Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2), total phenolics and total antioxidants by H2O2 assay kit, total antioxidant assay kit and Folin Ciocalteau reagent respectively. The final asiaticoside content was determined by HPLC. Results: Differential expression of key genes involved in asiaticoside pathway showed significantly higher transcript expression, which is in correlation with the final asiaticoside content. The enhanced expression of miRNAs and the analysis of H2O2, total antioxidant capacity and total phenolics are suggestive of generation of oxidative stress under controlled conditions. Conclusion: The present study shows a direct correlation between oxidative stress and transcript/phytochemical estimation of asiaticoside content under in vitro conditions.

Functional lingual thyroid in an adolescent female: a case report and brief literature review.

Background: Lingual thyroid is a rare clinical entity that represents faulty migration of normal thyroid gland. It commonly presents as a benign mass found at the junction of the anterior two-thirds and posterior one-third of the tongue. Although usually asymptomatic, glandular hypertrophy can cause dysphonia, dysphagia, bleeding, or stridor at any time from infancy through adulthood. We report a case that we encountered, discuss the diagnosis and its management, and review the literature. An otherwise asymptomatic 14 year-old girl presented with a posterior tongue mass that had been present since childhood but was never investigated. She was clinically and biochemically euthyroid, with normal thyroid function tests. Physical examination revealed a smooth, globular mass occupying the whole tongue base and valleculae. The epiglottis was slightly displaced posteriorly but the laryngeal inlet was patent. A 99mTcradioisotope scan showed accumulation of tracer in the tongue base and no uptake in the neck. MRI revealed a 1.8-cm diameter soft tissue mass in the posterior part of the tongue. To date she has not required suppressive therapy or surgical intervention. Conclusions: Treatment of lingual thyroid depends on patient symptoms. Most importantly, patients should be followed at regular intervals and educated on the possibility of developing complications.

A rare case of laryngeal Kaposi’s sarcoma.

Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is the most common malignancy observed in patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). It rarely causes upper airway obstruction. We report a 39-year-old gentleman, a former intravenous drug user with AIDS and Hepatitis C positive who developed progressive hoarseness with stidor. He underwent an emergency tracheostomy and direct laryngoscopy revealed a whitish globular laryngeal mass obscuring the glottic region. A biopsy of the mass was taken and the histopathological report showed evidence of spindle cell connective tissue, consistent with Kaposi’s sarcoma. It is important for clinicians or surgeons to maintain a high index of suspicion for the diagnosis of laryngeal KS in immunodeficiency patient even without cutaneous manifestation.

effect of lidocaine and magnesium sulfate on prevention of ventricular fibrillation in coronary artery bypass grafting surgery

One of the most common events, after the release of aortic cross-clamp in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery is reperfusion induced ventricular fibrillation, which occurs in 74% of 96% of patients. Regarding the controversies over the use of lidocaine or magnesium sulfate for the prevention of ventricular fibrillation following the release of aortic cross-clamp, this study was designed to compare the effectiveness of magnesium sulfate and lidocaine to suppress ventricular fibrillation. In a double blind, prospective, randomized, controlled trial study, 76 patients who were candidates for elective coronary artery bypass grafting surgery were divided into three groups including Group A [lidocaine, n=26], group B [magnesium sulfate, n=25], and group C [normal saline, n=26]. Lidocaine [1.5 mg/Kg], magnesium sulfate [30 mg/Kg] and normal saline were administered 5 minutes before the release of aortic cross clamp. The incidence of ventricular fibrillation significantly decreased in patients receiving magnesium sulfate [12% vs. 26.9% and 44% in patients who received lidocaine and normal saline, respectively] There was no statistically significant difference between the groups with respect to age, ejection fraction [L/ min], anesthetic time [min], cross-clamping time [min], PH, HCT [%], and serum K+ level [meq]. The administration of lidocaine and magnesium sulfate before the release of aortic cross-clamp reduces the incidence of postoperative ventricular fibrillation in adult patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. In our study, magnesium sulfate was more efficient in prevention of ventricular fibrillation than lidocaine. Administration of magnesium sulfate [30 mg/kg] caused no toxic effect and wais safe for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

[Determination of the effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on stress among nurses at Yasuj Shahid Beheshti hospital in 2009]

Stress is one of the most important phenomena in this century that has had a great impact on people's mental and physical health and has become one of the main topics of organizational management. Primarily, nursing and taking care of patients is stressful itself. Therefore, in the working environment, any menace to organizational goals and reduction in the quality of nursing cares are due to stress. There are different therapeutic ways to deal with stress which cognitive behavioral therapy is one of them. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of cognitive behavior therapy on stress among nurses who worked at Yasuj Shahid Beheshti hospital in 2009. This was an experimental research that was carried out among 100 nurses working at Yasuj Shahid Beheshti hospital in 2009. The sampling type was available samples. After filling the DASS-42 questionnaire, we chose 30 cases that had the worst status from point of stress and were randomly divided into two groups: case and control groups. Each group consisted of 15 nurses. The cases were trained in 8 weeks, an hour a week, by a single clinical psychologist specialized in cognitive behavioral therapy. After the therapy, questionnaires were filled again by the two groups. Finally, two groups were compared together in view point of stress scores. For analysis of data we used the SPSS software and descriptive statistics, t-test and ANOVA. The mean and standard deviations of stress in case group on the pre-test were7.96 +/- 18.73 and on the post test were 6.295 +/- 12.266 respectively, the mean and standard deviations of stress in the control group for pre-test were 8.413 +/- 21.066 and for post test were 9.019 +/- 20.733 respectively. There weren't any significant differences between two groups before the intervention, but there were significant differences between case groups after the intervention. [p<0.05]. According to the findings of the study, cognitive behavioral techniques' training significantly reduces stress in nurses. Therefore, it is recommended to reduce nurses' stress and increase the level of nursing services and promoting patients' satisfaction by establishing a psychology consulting unit in hospitals

[ effect of low-dose ketamine infusion on hemodynamic change in coronary artery bypass graft surgery]

Cardiopulmonary bypass often causes a stress hormonal response with subsequent changes in hemodynamic and organ perfusion. Human studies involving cardiopulmonary bypass have shown that very low doses of ketamine can attenuate inflammatory and stress markers, without adverse effects. The aim of this study was to investigate whether low dose infusion of ketamine have hemodynamic stability effect in coronary artery bypass surgery. In this double blind-controlled trial, 50 patients undergoing on-pump CABG were randomly assigned to receive either 1.25mcg/kg/min of ketamine infusion [Ketamine group, n=25] or normal saline infusion [Control group, n=25] during 48 hours after induction of anesthesia. hemodynamic measurement including blood pressure, heart rate, central venous pressure, cardiac output, cardiac index, systemic venous resistance, arterial blood gas and lactate were measured previous to induction [T1], 4 h, 24h, and48h after the surgery [T2,T3 and T4]. The data were evaluated with using of variance analyzing test and repeated measurement. There were significant interaction effect between time [pre operation, 4, 24 and 48 hours after operation] and group of study [ketamine and placebo] in assessment of systolic blood pressure [p=0.0001], diastolic blood pressure[p=0.0001], heart rate [p=0.004], central venous pressure [p=0.0001] and lactate [p=0.035]. These indicate that ketamine caused decrement in tissue perfusion. Those interactions were not statistically significant for other parameters [p>0.05]. low dose ketamine during and 48 hours after operation not only didn't show hemodynamic stability effect but also decreased tissue perfusion slightly

Efeito da covariância genética aditivo-materna sobre estimativas de parâmetros genéticos e em avaliações genéticas de características de crescimento de animais Tabapuã / Effect of additive genetic-maternal covariance on genetic parameter estimates and on genetic evaluation of growth traits of Tabapuã Zebu breed

Avaliou-se o efeito da covariância genética aditiva direto-materna sobre estimativas de parâmetros genéticos e sobre a predição e a ordenação de valores genéticos de animais da raça Tabapuã. Os parâmetros genéticos foram estimados com base em 19646, 14276, 10663 e 6172 registros de pesos ao nascimento e ajustados para 205, 365 e 550 dias de idade em análises unicaracterística, utilizando o programa computacional MTDREML, pelo método da máxima verossimilhança restrita livre de derivadas por modelos animal com ou sem a inclusão da covariância. As estimativas da covariância genética aditiva direto-materna foram, respectivamente, -0,08; -0,22; -0,10 e 0,34, para os pesos ao nascer e ajustados para 205, 365 e 550 dias de idade. As herdabilidades diretas e maternas obtidas sob modelo com a inclusão da covariância genética direto-materna foram, respectivamente, 0,31 e 0,10; 0,20 e 0,17; 0,20 e 0,06 e 0,17 e 0,01, para os mesmos pesos, enquanto sem a inclusão foram, respectivamente, 0,31 e 0,09; 0,18 e 0,14; 0,20 e 0,05 e 0,18 e 0,02. Os valores de correlação de posto entre os valores genéticos preditos pelos modelos com e sem a inclusão foram 0,999; 0,992; 0,999 e 0,998. As correlações de posto entre os valores genéticos maternos foram 0,999; 0,985; 0,992 e 0,771. A inclusão da covariância genética aditiva direto-materna não influenciou as estimativas dos parâmetros genéticos e teve efeito inexpressivo na ordenação dos valores genéticos dos pesos de animais da raça Tabapuã.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of additive genetic-maternal covariance on estimates of genetic parameters and on the prediction and ranking of breeding values of Tabapuã animals. Records of 19,646, 14,276, 10,663, and 6,176 birth weights and weights at 205, 365, and 550 days of age were used in univariate animal model analysis using MTDFREML software, including or not the additive genetic-maternal covariance in the models. The additive genetic-maternal covariance estimates were, respectively, -0.08, -0.22, -0.10, and 0.34 for birth weight and weights at 205, 365, and 550 days of age. The direct and maternal heritability estimates including the additive direct-maternal covariance were, respectively, 0.31, and 0.10; 0.31 and 0.20, and 0.17; and 0.20 and 0.06; and 0.17 and 0.01 for birth weight and weights at 205, 365, and 550 days of age, while without the additive direct-maternal covariance those values were, respectively, 0.31 and 0.09; 0.18 and 0.14; 0.20 and 0.05; .18 and 0.02. Rank correlation between predicted breeding values from two models for birth weight and weights at 205 and 550 days of age were, respectively, 0.999, 0.992, 0.999, and 0.998. For maternal genetic values, these estimated rank correlations were, respectively, 0.995, 0.985, 0.992, and 0.771. The inclusion of additive genetic-maternal covariance in the analysis did not affect genetic parameter estimates and had a very small effect on breeding values ranking of Tabapuã animals.

Efeitos da origem e da linhagem do DNA mitocondrial sobre características produtivas e reprodutivas de bovinos leiteiros da raça Gir / Effects of origin and lineage of mitochondrial DNA on productive and reproductive traits of Gir dairy cattle

Avaliou-se a influência do DNA mitocondrial sobre características de produção e reprodução em rebanho Gir. Foram analisados, segundo a origem mitocondrial (indicus ou taurus) e linhagem citoplasmática (fêmeas fundadoras), 3385 registros de produção total de leite (PT), produção de leite até os 305 dias de lactação (P305) e de período de lactação (PL); 2394 registros de intervalo de parto (IP) e de produção de leite por dia de intervalo de partos (PIP) e 618 registros de idade ao primeiro parto (IPP). A origem mitocondrial foi incluída no modelo como efeito fixo para a idade ao primeiro parto, por ter, em análise prévia, demonstrado ser significativa somente para essa característica. A estimação dos componentes de variância e parâmetros genéticos bem como a predição dos valores genéticos foram realizadas a partir de dois modelos animais; com e sem a inclusão da variável aleatória, linhagem citoplasmática, com o programa MTDFREML, pelo método da máxima verossimilhança restrita com algoritmo livre de derivadas. A linhagem citoplasmática explicou 1,6 por cento; 1,5 por cento; 1,2 por cento, 0 por cento, 0 por cento e 0 por cento, da variância fenotípica das características PT, P305, PL, IP, PIP e IPP, não obstante não se mostrou significativa no teste de razão de máxima verossimilhança. As correlações de postos entre os valores genéticos obtidos a partir dos modelos com e sem a inclusão da linhagem citoplasmática foram próximas à unidade para todas as características. O modelo que não incluiu a linhagem citoplasmática viesou apenas as tendências genéticas das características PT, P305 e PL. A origem mitocondrial, indicus ou taurus, somente foi significativa (P<0,05) para a variação da idade ao primeiro parto. A linhagem citoplasmática não contribuiu significativamente para a variância fenotípica de quaisquer das características deste estudo.

This study was carried out to evaluate the mitochondrial DNA effect on production and reproduction traits of Gir breed. A total of 3,385 records of milk production (MP), 305-day milk production (305-MP), and lactation length (LL); and 2,394 records of calving interval (CI), milk production per day of calving interval (MPPDCI), and age at first calving (AFC) were analyzed according to mitochondrial DNA origin (indicus or taurus) and cytoplasmatic lineages (foundation cows). The mitochondrial DNA origin was considered as fixed effect for age at first calving analysis. Genetic parameter estimates and predicted breeding values were obtained by restricted maximum likelihood derivative free algorithm using two different animal models (including or not cytoplasmatic lineage effect). Maximum likelihood ratio test showed a non significant effect of cytoplasmatic lineages on all analyzed traits. Cytoplasmatic lineages accounted not significantly for 1.6 percent, 1.5 percent, 1.2 percent, 0 percent, and 0 percent of the total phenotypic variance of MP, 305-MP, LL, MPPDCI and AFC. Ranks correlation among breeding values from both models were close to one for all analyzed traits. No mitochondrial lineage model biased upward only estimates of genetic trends of MP, 305-MP, and LL traits. Mitochondrial origin (taurus or indicus) significantly accounted (P<0.05) only for total variation of age at first calving. Cytoplasmatic lineages did not account significantly for the phenotypic variation of any of the studied traits.

[ role of relaxation training to pregnant mothers on health index of infants]

Investigations have shown that the emotional stress during the pregnancy period could have sustainable effects on the embryo. Different factors such as family members, spouse, supporting friends could relive these effects, but coping skills especially relaxation could be more effective on stress. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of relaxation training to pregnant mothers on health index such as Apgar index, weight, height, and cowlick grade in infants. This is a clinical trail in which 100 pregnant women who referred to health center of Yasuj [2006-2008] were selected using simple sampling method and assigned randomly to case and control groups. The relaxation was taught to the case group whereas nothing was taught to control groups. At the time of delivery the above mentioned indices were assessed. The gathered data was analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed a significant difference between two groups in weight, height, cephalic index, and colic grade [with better situation in case group]. There was no significant difference between two groups in Apgar scores. Considering the results of this study, it seems that teaching of relaxation to pregnant women could be effective in health index of children especially in the time of delivery. Therefore attention should be paid to different methods for reducing the stress in this group of mothers

Estudo genético-quantitativo de características de crescimento na raça Tabapuã / A genetic-quantitative study of growth traits in Tabapuã cattle

Estimaram-se os componentes de variância e covariância e as herdabilidades para os efeitos direto e materno, as correlações entre os efeitos direto e materno e a fração de ambiente permanente na variação total, utilizando-se o aplicativo MTDFREML, para os pesos ao nascer (PN), à desmama ajustado para 205 dias (P205), aos 365 (P365) e 550 (P550) dias de idade na raça Tabapuã, para avaliar o efeito materno e a associação dos efeitos direto e materno sobre características de crescimento. Os dados, provenientes do programa de controle ponderal da raça, foram registrados na fazenda Agua Milagrosa, município de Tabapuã, São Paulo, no período de 1978 a 2002. As herdabilidades direta e materna foram: 0,32, 0,10; 0,20, 0,17; 0,21, 0,06 e 0,16; 0,03, para os pesos ao nascer, à desmama, aos 365 e 550 dias, respectivamente. As correlações entre os efeitos direto e materno para a mesma seqüência de pesos foram: -0,10; -0,20; -0,11 e -0,15. As frações do efeito de meio permanente na variância total foram: 1,41x10-6; 2,5x10-7; 2,4x10-7 e 4,0x10-6. Recomenda-se a inclusão do efeito materno nos esquemas de seleção de características de crescimento na raça Tabapuã.

The variance and covariance components, heritability for direct and maternal effects, correlations between direct and maternal effects and permanent environmental component of variance were estimated, using the REML methodology for birth weight (BW), weaning weight adjusted for 205 days (W205), weights at 365 (W365) and at 550 (W550) days of age in Tabapuã animals. Maternal effect and the association between direct and maternal effects on growth traits were estimated. Animal records from 1978 to 2002 are from Fazenda Agua Milagrosa, located at São Paulo State. The direct and maternal heritability were, respectively, 0.32, 0.10; 0.20, 0.17; 0.21, 0.06 and 0.16; 0.03, for birth weight, weaning weight, weights at 365 and at 550 days of age. The correlations between direct and maternal effects for the same sequence of weights were -0.10; -0.20; -0.11 and -0.15. The fractions of permanent environmental of the phenotypic variance were 1.41x10-6; 2.5x10-7; 2,4x10-7 and 4.0x10-6. The inclusion of maternal effect is recommended for growth traits evaluation of Tabapuã animals for selection purpose.

Implantation of Octacalcium phosphate to enhance osteogenesis of alveolar ridge defect in rat mandible

Reconstruction of craniofacial bone defects remains one of the most challenging problems encountered by maxillofacial surgeons. This study was designed to investigate the process of bone formation caused by implantation of octacalcium phosphate at mandibular alveolar ridge of rat. In this experimental animal study, 20 male Sprague Dawley rats were used. Synthetic octacalcium phosphate [OCP] was implanted into the bony defect measuring 3 mm in diameter and 2 mm in depth which was surgically created with a bur in the rat mandible. Bone formation at the alveolar ridge was examined histologically between 1 and 4 weeks after implantation. Osteogenesis was initiated in the center of the defect between the OCP particles and multinucleated giant cells appeared on the implanted materials in 1 week. More apposition of new bone was observed on the implanted octacalcium phosphate in week 2. In addition to bone formation locally around the OCP particles, more apposition of new bone was observed near the defect margin in week 3. At week 4, the defect was almost completely filled with bone, which was in close contact with host bone and implanted OCP was surrounded by newly formed bone. In the control group, bone formation was observed only along and near the defect margin. Octacalcium phosphate could be used to enhance atrophic alveolar ridge or for filling a tooth socket after extraction

Paediatric tracheostomy in Hospital University Kebangsaan Malaysia - a changing trend

Indication for pediatric tracheostomy has changed. Upper airway obstruction secondary to infectious disorders is no longer the commonest indication. The aim of this study was to establish data on indications, outcome and complications of pediatric tracheostomy. A retrospective analysis of pediatric tracheostomies carried out between March 2002 to March 2004 was done. Eighteen patients were identified. The commonest indication was prolonged ventilation (94.5%) followed by pulmonary toilet (5.5%). None was performed for upper airway obstruction. Postoperative complications were encountered in six patients (33.3%), the commonest being accidental decannulation notably in children less than six years of age. Twelve patients (66.6%) were successfully decannulated. The mortality rate was 16.6%. All death were non tracheostomy related. The commonest indication for tracheostomy was prolonged ventilation and tracheostomy in children is relatively safe despite complications.

Análise genética de características ponderais e reprodutivas de fêmeas bovinas Tabapuã / Genetics analysis of growth and reproduction traits in a herd of Tabapuã females

Foram estudadas 1251 informações referentes aos pesos às idades-padrão de 205 (P205), 365 (P365) e 550 (P550) dias e idade ao primeiro parto (IPP) e primeiro intervalo de partos (IEP1) de fêmeas bovinas da raça Tabapuã. As médias, desvios-padrão e coeficientes de variação foram respectivamente: P205 173,9kg, 16,0kg e 9,2; P365 - 225,7kg, 28,7kg e 12,7; P550 - 277,0kg, 36,7kg e 13,3; IPP - 1125,5 dias, 106,6 dias e 9,5 e IEPI - 522,2 dias, 106,2 dias e 20,7. As estimativas de componentes de ( co )variância e de parâmetros genéticos foram obtidas pelo método de máxima verossimilhança restrita, utilizando-se o software MTDFREML. Para cada característica as estimativas de herdabilidade foram de 0,16, 0,25, 0,29, 0,03 e 0,01, na mesma ordem de citação acima. As correlações genéticas entre as características ponderais e reprodutivas foram: -0,67 (p205xIPP); -0,07 (P365xIPP); -0,41 (p550xIPP); 0,19 (p205xIEPl); 0,79 (p365xIEPI) e 0,64 (p550xIEPI).

Mortalidade por nematódeos filarióides em passeriformes da espécie Oryzoborus maximiliani no Brasil / Mortality by filarial nematodes in passeriformes of species Oryzoborus maximiliani in Brazil

Descreve-se a ocorrência de filariose em passeriformes da espécie Oryzoborus maximiliani (bicudo) mantidos em cativeiro. Os sinais clínicos incluiram insuficiência respiratória e prostraçäo, evoluindo para decúbito lateral e morte. Todos os indivíduos adoeceram e morreram em poucos dias. As lesöes mais significativas foram encontradas nos pulmöes, que estavam acinzentados na regiäo adjacente ao saco aéreo abdominal. Impressöes do pulmäo observadas ao microscópio em 100 aumentos permitiram a visualizaçäo de grande número de formas alongadas típicas de nematódeo. Considerando suas dimensöes e os relatos da literatura consultada, especulou-se a possibilidade de filariose. As condiçöes de estresse de captura e cativeiro podem ser determinantes do quadro agudo observado, o que permite sugerir esta suspeita em casos semelhantes. Considera-se importante, entretanto, a possibilidade de a manifestaçäo clínica na forma crônica ou assintomática poder ser mais comum que a aguda

non-immunologic effect of cyclosporin A on the islet cells of Langerhans: Clinical and experimental study

Cyclosporin A [CyA] is utilized as an immunomodulator to stop the immunopathological reactions preceding and accompanying insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Some published results seem promising; on the other h and, a destructive effect on the islet cells of Langerhans has been observed experimentally by some research workers. The aim of the present study was to investigate thoroughly this phenomenon to find out the eventual effect of CyA on the nondiabetic pancreas and whether this effect, if any, is dose related. For this, 40 patients receiving CyA for two years have been included in the study. 25 patients receiving a dose of 2-5 mg/kg/d, 10 patients receiving 5.1-10 mg/kg/d and 5 patients receiving more than 10 mg/kg/d. Blood glucose levels and plasma insulin levels have been measured before CyA administration and 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after it. This study has been coupled with an experimental one, using 60 male rats weighing about 100 g each divided in 4 groups receiving no drug, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg/d, respectively, and sacrificed at the end of 1, 2, and 3 months to have the pancreas examined histologically. The effect of CyA was simulatory in the first 3 months, then the effect has been proportional to the dose the small dose having no effect, while the large dose had a suppressor one. The experimental study revealed a parallelism with the clinical results. Moreover, the number of delta cells in the islets of Langerhans has been increased with the high doses. These findings can explain the phenomena accompanying the use of CyA in the context of glucose metabolism