[Molecular detection of Theileria species and its vectors in cattles in Yazd area by semi-nested PCR method]

Background: Theileriosis is a blood protozoan disease with high mortality in cattle in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Several studies were conducted to identify Theileria species in infected cattles and vector ticks by microscopic examination. However, microscopic technique has lower sensitivity compared to molecular method

Objectives: This study was carried out to identify Theileria species and its carriers in cattles of Yazd city, sing semi nested PCR

Methods: Between June to September of 2012, 100 EDTA blood samples and 249 ticks were collected from Holstein breed with no history of vaccination against the ileriosis in Yazd area. The collected samples were transported to the laboratory, then prepared the blood smears and stained with Giemsa method. Also, the collected ticks were separated into 50 tick pools, according to their species. Then their salivary glands were removed using stereomicroscope in 0.85% saline. DNA of blood and salivary glands was extracted using a commercial kit and analyzed by Semi-nested PCR. PCR-RFLP was also used to differentiate Theileria lestoquardi from Theileria annulata in positive samples of ticks

Results: Ring forms of Theileria spp. were found in 4 [4%] of blood smears. All ticks were Hyalomma a.anatolicum. Results of PCR were indicated that 11 [11%] of blood samples and three pools of tick's salivary glands were infected with Theileria. Theileria annulata were only detected in all positive samples by Semi-nested PCR. The results of PCR-RFLP using MspI enzyme showed that the tick's salivary glands were negative to Theileria lestoquardi infection

Conclusions: Based on the results, it is concluded that Theileria annulata and Hyalomma a.anatolicum are important agent and vector tick of tropical theileriosis in dairy cattles of Yazd area

[Epidemiology of work-related accidents in Kerman coal mines during 1991-2006]

There are annually millions of work-related accidents leading to either loss of life or disability. Coal mine workers, due to the nature of their work, are at a higher risk of work accidents. With regard to the importance of health statue of skilled workers and prevention of work-related injuries, in this study work-related injuries in Kerman Coal Mines during 1991-2006 were analyzed. In this descriptive study, the recorded and approved data of accidents occurred during 1991-2006 were collected from the documents of Kerman coal mines office and Safety indices [frequency, severity and frequency-severity of accidents] were extracted and analyzed. There were a total of 3642 accidents during 16 years and an average of 228 accidents per year. From all accidents, 51 cases had resulted in death of which most cases were related to the years 1992, 1994, 1996, 1997 [each year one case]. Mean frequency percent, severity and frequency-severity were 31.3 +/- 25.9, 473.8 +/- 11275.1 and 9.3 +/- 12.4 respectively. according to the results of chart control, accident frequency percent except for the years 2002 and 1994 which were respectively a little more and less than the expected rates, in the other years was in the expected range. Severity and frequency-severity of accidents during the 16-year period were in the expected range. In whole, safety indices during the 16 years were stable and in the expected range. In other words, there has been no change for the improvement of safety conditions. Therefore, in order to achieve the required standards and to provide more safety for coal mines workers, it is required that all related organization take efficient coordinated measures

[Effect of different levels of dietary nucleotides on osmoregulation of pyloric caeca in Caspian sea salmon [Salmo trutta caspius]]

Nucleotides are considered as cellular component which do regulatory effect and key function in all biological process. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary nucleotide intake on osmoregulatory function of pyloric caeca in juvenile salmon of Caspian sea. This experiment was done in two levels of dietary nucleotide [0.25% and 0.5%] and a control group [0%] for 8 weeks. After then, 12 fishes from each treated group were transferred into saline water [18 ppt]. 72 hours later, fishes were fixed for histological and immunohistochemical studies. Histological studies were done by Hematoxiline-Fushin staining and light microscope. Immunolocalization of Na[+], K[+] -ATPase was done by fluorescent microscope. Results showed that in all samples immunofluorescence of Na[+], K[+]- ATPase can be seen in the baso-lateral parts of pyloric ceaca entrocytes. Treated groups showed higher fluorescence compared to the control. In this respect 0.5% group showed the highest values for immunofluorescence of Na[+], K[+] - ATPase. Alternation in Na[+], K[+] -ATPase values of epithelial pyloric caeca in response to dietary nucleodtides intake can be attributed to its role in adaptation of fish to 18 ppt saline

Mitochondria rich-cells localization and effect of salinity on their distribution in kidney tubules of persian sturgeon acipenser persicus

The urinary system of euryhaline fish, as well as the gills, is involved in ion regulation through the production of dilute urine in freshwater and isotonic urine in seawater. The low osmolality of the urine originates from an active reabsorption of ions by Ionocytes or mitochondria rich-cells [MRCs] present in certain parts of the urinary system. Mitochondria rich-cells possess a high density of Na[+], K[+]-ATPase. Persian Sturgeon fry-s, adapted to freshwater and diluted Caspian Sea water [%.5 salinity] were fixed in Bouin-s solution after 24h. After the hydration with ethanol, the samples were paraffinaized and sectioned. Light microscopy and Hematoxiline-Fushin staining were used for histological examinations. Immunolocalization of Na[+], K[+]-ATPase was observed through fluorescent microscopy [450-490 micro m], using IgG alpha[5] [as primary antibody] and FITC [as secondary antibody]. In both experimental conditions, maximum immunofluorescence of Na[+], K[+]-ATPase [in mitochondria rich-cells] was found in distal and collective tubules. In both ureter and urinary bladder, immunostainings were found in dispersed cells with relatively weak intensity. In%.5 acclimated fish, weak immunofluorescence was also observed in neck segment and proximal tubules, as well as in distal and collective tubules. Alternation in mitochondria rich-cells and Na[+], K[+]-ATPase distribution in kidney tubules of%.5 acclimated fry-s showed that the blood and osmolytes were nearly isotonic to environment but not isoionic. Thus the fish needs the absorption and excretion of some ions for the body homeostasis and osmoregulation

[ comparison religious and familial characteristics between abuser drug quiting addiction in Mahyar rehabilitation center of Isfahan and control group]

The drug abusing is one of the most dangerous phenomena among society. Since religious and familiar characteristics are so effective on preventing from social deviations, we studied these characteristics among the drug abuser and non drug abuser to determine the role of religious and familial characteristics on drug abusing. In this cross-sectional study, drug abuser group was of 100 people in mahyar rehabilitation center. Non drug abuse group contained 300 people, that selected among people have referred to the laboratories for testing of addiction before marriage. The two groups were compared based on religious and family characteristics. A questionnaire was concluded 3 parts of individual, religious and familial characteristics, the data were gathered by interview and analyzed using t-test and chi[2]. The findings of this study showed that there were a significant difference between the religious belief in Two groups[p<0/001]. The religious practice in drug abuser group was lower than control group and also significant difference in families type. 60% drug abusers and 75% control group families were belong to nuclear [p=0/016] and about parents educations, 64% drug abusers and 48% control group mother's were illiterate or they can only write and read, the data also showed that 62/3% drug abuser group and 75/2% control group families were fluency [p=0/001]. This study showed that religious beliefs and presence in holy places and enjoyment of the families with desirable relations are portion of the most preventing factors from addiction

Immunolocalization of Na+, K+-ATPase and lonocytes in the gills of catfish, silurus glanis

The regulation of the body fluid content [osmoregulation] of an aquatic animal, is performed by several organs. In fish, osmoregulatory mechanisms are based on the function of specialized cells [ionocytes] located in various tissues and organs including gills. Na[+],K [+]- ATPase is one of the [most] osmoregulatory enzymes enabling the use of ATP as a source of energy for ion transport through a Na[+],K[+] exchange pump cross epithelial membranes of ionocytes. The aim of this study was localization of this enzyme and ionocytes in the gills of S. glanis. For light microscopic observation, samples were fixed in Buin for 24 h dehydrated with ethanol, and embedded in paraffin. Serial section, 5 micro m thick, was stained by the Haematoxylin, Eosin and Methyl green. Immunolocalization of the Na[+],K[+] -ATPase was performed by immunofluorescence light microscopy with a Mouse Monoclonal Antibody IgG alpha 5 raised against the alpha-subunit of the Chicken Na+,K +/- ATPase [Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank, University of Iowa, USA] and a Mouse Anti-fluorescein Antibody FITC [Jackson Immuno Research, USA]. In longitudinal sections of the gill, two series of lamellae were observed on both sides of the filaments. Gill filaments and lamellae were lined by special cells, contained pavement cells, mucous cells and ionocytes. The ionocytes were located in the basal parts of lamellae, inter-lamellar regions and in the apical parts of gill filaments. The ionocytes showed a ovoid-spheroid shape with a strong immunofluorescence of Na[+],K[+] -ATPase in the baso-lateral regions. In catfish, S. glanis, the ionocytes was found to be distributed on filaments and mainly in inter-lamellar regions. Na[+],K[+] -ATPase enzyme with a highly consistent immunoreactivity was observed in the baso-lateral parts of the ionocytes. These findings show that, in S. glanis, the filaments appear as the main site of osmoregulation and the gill lamellae are mainly devoted to respiration

[Quality of care in airways of head injury patients in emergency ward of Bahonar Hospital in Kerman city]

Introduction: Head injury is an important problem in the community. Side effects of injury relates to nursing care quality. The first and important factor for study in these patients is the situation of airway. Often due to the airway obstruction and reduction of ventilation, hypoxia in brain tissue occurs. With increased number of patients with head injuries and the vital importance of this organ, the observance of the care and nursing points is necessary. For several consecutive years, Aden Brock anesthesiology institute has examined the condition of airway but in Iran, only in 1995, a study in Tehran has considered the nursing, condition of airways

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the quality of care in the airways of head injury patients in emergency department of Bahonar Hospital in Kerman City

Materials and Methods: This research is a descriptive cross- sectional research carried out on 384 patients with head injury hospitalized in emergency department of Shahid Bahonar Hospital in winter 2003. Instrument for data collection was an observational checklist consisting of 15 care criteria that their validity and reliability were confirmed. It was for gathering demographic data

Results: Results showed that 86.5% of male patients presenting to the emergency department were the morning working shift. The patients were in the age group of 20-24 years. Their arrivals were due to the closed injuries and strokes that were consistent with study of Aden Brock Institute in 1997. The greatest rate of optimal care [98.5%] is related to the mode of oxygen therapy and the lowest correct application of sterile principles in pharynx and tracheal suction

Conclusion: It can be concluded that because of multiple traumas in men, quality of care for female patients was more favorable but among female patients, quality of care for natural airways, the conditions of head and neck, oxygen consumption, observation of safety issues, control of breathing counts and attention to the potency of tracheal tube were unfavorable and, thus, improvement for quality of care is suggested