[ production of hairy roots from [Datura innoxia L.] by Agrobacterium rhizogenes and effects of salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate biological elicitors on atropine and scopolamine content]

Background: Using Agrobacterium rhizogenes due to create hairy roots, is a useful method to increase secondary metabolites many plants

Objective: Purpose of this research is to transgenic hairy roots culture, in order to produce secondary metabolites in Datura innoxia

Methods: Explants leaf and cotyledon of Datura innoxia were inoculated for two months with A7, A4 and 15834 strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes; Furthermore injection and Immersion methods were used in this scrutiny. The presence of T-DNA in transgenic hairy roots were confirmed by PCR. Transgenic hairy roots in liquid medium of 1/2MS were cultured. In order to induct elicitors, methyl jasmonate in tow densities of 50 micro M and 100micro M, and salicylic acid in three densities of 1mM, 0.1mM and 0.01 mM were used randomly three times. Atropine and scopolamine content of transgenic hairy roots were examined by HPLC

Results: The highest and lowest rate of transgenic hairy roots production was respectively related to the strains of A4 and 15834. Best explants for inoculation, leaf with A4 strain and cotyledon with A7 strain, were reported. With highest production rate of hairy roots, Simple deposit using a syringes method was recognized as the best method of inoculation. The effect of salicylic acid at a density of 0.1 mM increases the content of atropine concentrations. Also the results showed that usage of Methyl jasmonate at higher doses [100 micro M] reduces the content of atropine and scopolamine

Conclusion: A. rhizogenes as an appropriate method to produce hairy roots and elicitors the best treatment for increase alkaloids

[Addicts' perspectives about factors associated with substance abuse relapse]

It has been known for many years that there is a high risk of relapse after treatment of drug abuse. This has made addiction more complicated. Knowledge of related factors allows the health care professionals to initiate much broader, client - centered, relapse prevention strategies. This study had a descriptive design. The sample comprised 200 addicts who all were male and had at least one relapse episode after treatment. Data were collected by structured face-to-face interviews. The related factors to relapse are divided in two groups as individual and environmental factors. The intensity of related factors was asked as "not any", "a little", "medium" and "very much". The results showed that 33.5% of the subjects had 1 relapse, 38% 2-3 relapse and 28.5% more than 3 relapse. Also, 53% of them relapse in less than 3 month after treatment. Only 12% could avoid drug use for more than 1 year. The mean time of abstinence was 6.3 +/- 3 month. According to Friedman test, insomnia and temptation were the most important individual factors [P<0.000], and simple access to drugs, family conflicts and noncompliance with treatment were the most important environmental factors [P<0.000]. With respect to results, since psychological factors were the most important [mean= 1.6 +/- 0.5], mere detoxification is not efficient enough and may end in client's relapse. Treatment services should be developed further and strengthen relapse prevention and relapse coping skills among drug misuser's and pschological health is the first thing that should be notified by them

[ study of body mass index in students of Bam educational centers]

Nowadays obesity is assumed as a global health problem and its prevalence increased in recent decade. It is known as a risk factor for several diseases such as diabetes mellitus. hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease and cancer. This study was undertaken to evaluate the obesity and overweight in Bam students. 330 students [140 male and 190 female] with mean age of 21.78 +/- 2.61 were selected from Bam educational centers in stratified sampling. Weight and height were measured without shoes and unneeded cloths. Weight and height were measured using a standard protocol and body mass index [kg/m[2]] was calculated. The criteria used to define body composition were based on BMI cut-off points of the WHO expert committee. The results shows the mean and SD BMI were 21.082 +/- 3.216 overall, and 22.08 +/- 3.08, 21.59 +/- 3.31, respectively, in male and female students. 14.1% of students were underweight, 70.9% normal weight. 12.1% overweight and 2.1% obese. 12.7% of females and 13.8% of males had visceral obesity. A significant relation between family history of obesity and BMI is seen [P<0.05]. As results show some of female and male students are in a degree of overweight and obesity, therefore launching nutritional services and life style modification program are recommended

Seroepidemiology of HTLV-1 in Neishabour

Human T cell Lymphotropic Virus Type I [HTLV-I] infection has been recognized as the causative agent of two diseases; HTLV-I- associated myelopathy tropical spastic paraparesis [HAM/TSP] and adult T- cell leukemia [ATL]. Approximately 15- 20 millions people are infected with HTLV-I all over the world. The North- East Iran [Mashhad] has been considered as a new endemic area for HTLV- I infection especially Neishaboor. The purpose of this study was the seroepidemiologic study of HTLV-I in Neishaboor. This cross-sectional study was done in Neishaboor in 2002. Neishaboor [without rural areas] is divided into 5 health sections. A total number of 1003 subjects were selected randomly proportional to the population of each region. 5cc of venous blood was obtained from each subject and assessed serologically by Eliza method at immunology laboratory of Ghaem hospital. A questionnaire was provided for data collection of each person. The collected data was analyzed with using of T, Mann Whitney and regression tests. 1- The seroprevalence of HTLV-I infection was 3.4% in Neishaboor [95% CI 2.3-4.5%].2- Male/female ratio was 33/67 in serum positive population. 3- HTLV-I infection was increased with age. 4- As expected the prevalence of infection did not show a uniform distribution throughout the city: a. The most ancient part [region 2] of the city had the highest prevalence [4.9%].b. The rate of infection was more prevalent in the center of city [region 1, 2] in comparison with the peripheral regions of the city [regions 3, 4]. 5- The main risk factors for acquisition of HTLV-I infection are breast feeding, blood transfusion, surgery and sexual transmission. Our results strongly suggest that screening of blood bank donors for HTLV-I infection and limiting of other routes of HTLV-I transmission such as breast feeding, surgery and sexual transmission should be considered to prevent of HTLV-I infection in Neishaboor and other endemic areas

[Effects of Trachyspermum copticum L. on Morphine'sWithdrawal Syndrome Signs in rats]

Drug addiction is destructive misfortune. At the present time we have over 1.2 million addicted people in Iran. So, proper and definite treatment must be noticed. Using the medical plants in ancientness like human life and thousand documents in medicinal history have valuable informations and expriments in this field. According to extant investigations, Trachyspermum copticum has numerous effects, such as antiseptic, expectorant, Spasm relaxation and useful in cholesteralemia. But in the belief of Iranian people, this plant is used for treatment of addiction. This project is the first investigation in the world that Iranian researchers evaluated the effect of trachyspermum copticum extract in treatment of morphine dependency. After preparing the trachyspermum copticum fruit from height of the mountain in KHozestan [between izeah and dehdaz], aqueous extract at different concentration [10%, 20%, 30%] was prepared by suckcele display. After the pilot study, 5 groups [50 rats] were dependent by subcotaneus injection with morphine. After insuring the animal dependency. First group has set as a testifire. Second group was affected with methadon treatment and other groups were treated by trachyspermum copticum at different concentration [10%, 20%, 30%]. In all groups after naloxane injection by intraperitoneum injection, we studies morphine dependency that manifestated like diarrhea, weight loss and jumping. At 30% concentration, seven animals were deaed for the reason high concentration of extract. Data evaluation with ANOVA and LSD test showed that trachyspermum copticum is effective like methadone therapy to decrease withdrawal syndrome signs [p<0.05]