Study of lipoprotein patterns as an atherogenic factor in T2DM patients and their FDRS

The present study was carried out to determine the lipoprotein patterns as an atherogenic factor in T2DM [Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus] patients and their FDRS [First Degree Relatives]. In various previous studies it has been reported that hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipidemia frequently coexist in T2DM patients which indicate that the diabetic state it self is associated with atherogenic lipid disorders. The present study included 26 Type 2DM [T2DM] patients and 21 apparently healthy First Degree Relative [FDRs] of T2DM patients. Twenty three age matched control not related to diabetics were also included in the study. The BMI in male patients and FDRs were significantly higher as compared to controls but no significant difference was seen among the BMI of female FDRs. Fasting plasma glucose [FPG] levels of T2DM patients were significantly higher but no significant difference was observed among the FDRs and controls. FPG did not show any significant correlation with the BMI in diabetic patients, FDRs and controls. The lipid profile of patients showed no significant difference, except the mean LDL-Chol of female patients was significantly higher as compared to female controls. HDL-Chol of males FDRs was significantly lower as compared to male controls. LDL-Chol of female FDRs was significantly lower than the female controls. No significant difference was observed in the total cholesterol and the triglycerides level of the patients of T2DM and FDRs but those cases in which pre-beta band appear upon lipoprotein electrophoresis had significantly higher triglyceride levels as compared to those patients in which pre-beta band did not appear. Lipoproteins of the T2DM patients and FDRs group were found to be highly disturbed as compared to the control group and they show a trend of developing atherogenic states in future

Antioxidant status in coronary heart disease [CHD] patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

The present study was carried out to see the levels of vitamin C, vitamin E and total antioxidant [AO] in Coronary Heart Disease [CHD] patients with and without Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus [T2DM]. In various previous studies it has been reported that, diabetes, hypertension and smoking are risk factors for CHD and all risk factors were common in these patients. Serum was tested from 80 CHD patients and 21 healthy controls, matched for age, height, and weight. No significant difference was seen between the age, height and weight of the subjects and controls. CHD patients were mostly male, smokers, over 40 year of age and belonging upper class families. The mean plasma glucose was significantly higher [p<0.05] in CHD patients having T2DM as compare to CHD patient with out T2DM. Risk factors for CHD, like diabetes, hypertension and smoking were common in these patients. No significant difference was seen in vitamin C level of patients of CHD. Vitamin E level was significantly [p < 0.05] low among the CHD patients as compared to controls and a significant [p < 0.05] decrease in mean vitamin E level was observed among smoker CHD patients as compared to non-smoker CHD patients. But no significant difference in vitamin C and vitamin E levels of CHD patients with diabetes and hypertension were observed when compared with CHD patients having no such complaints. The CHD patients' total antioxidant level was significantly [p < 0.05] decreased as compared to controls. The total AO [Vit. C and E] were not significantly higher in CHD patients with hypertension and diabetes as compared to those patients of CHD having no hypertension and diabetes

interrelation of calcium oxalate crystalluria and ionic product of calcium oxalate in renal calculus cases

The incidence of crystalluria in random urine samples of patients and subjects was measured microscopically. The overall incidence of calcium oxalate crystallurisa was high in patients but not significant. The ionic product of calcium oxalate was significantly high in patients as compared to controls. The 24 hours urinary calcium oxalate ionic product and crystalluria excretion was higher in patients than in controls, which may show the role of some inhibitors of crystal formation and its growth in control groups. Therefore, it is suggested that some urinary ions retard the mineralizing and crystallisation rate of calcium oxalate

Role of different etiological factors in renal calculus disease

This study was carried out to investigate the various etiological factors in renal calculus disease. A total of 60 patients of renal calculus disease and 30 matched healthy controls were studied. Nephrolithiasis was more prevalent in males with the male to females ratio was 1.6:1. The overall mean serum level of calcium, magnesium, phosphate, sodium and potassium were not significantly different except BUN and creatinine, which were significantly increased in patients, indicating some impairment of renal function. The urinary, specific gravity, volume, sodium, urea, calcium, uric acid, protein, oxalate and ionic product of calcium oxalate of calculus former significantly varied as compared to controls. Hypercalciuria was found in 19[31.7%] patients as compared to 4[13.3%] controls. The overall calcium and oxalate excretion was 266 +/- 23.26 mg/24 hrs and 51.26 +/- 4.35. The chemical analysis of renal calculi showed that 70% patients had pure calcium oxalate, while others are mixed. The incidence of calcium oxalate crystalluria was highest. It is concluded that low urinary pH, volume, reduced inorganic phosphorus and low sodium excretion and calcium, oxalate, and uric acid excretion, higher specific gravity, ionic product of calcium oxalate are the biochemical risk factors of upper tract urolithiasis. It is recommended that prophylactic measures should be adopted to minimise the risk of stone formation and recurrence

role of urinary oxalate excretion in renal calculogenesis

The present study was undertaken with the aim to determine the role urinary oxalate excretion in renal lithiasis. The study was conducted on 60 renal calculus patients admitted in various Government Hospital of Lahore during the period from April to August 1996. Thirty normal subjects, with matched age and sex, were also included in this study, as a control group. Majority of the patients, 58 [97.7%], belonged to low and middle socio-economic classes. The mean daily excretion of oxalate in patients was significantly higher [P< 0.01] as compared to control group with a mean of 35.9 +/- 2.54 mg. moderate hyperoxaluria [24 hours oxalate excretion > 45 mg/day] was seen in significantly higher number of patients [25 out of 60], as compared to controls [5 out of 30]. The daily urinary oxalate was high in patients had pure calcium oxalate calcui and mixed calcium oxalate and uric acid calcui [with calcium oxalate as main component] as compared to patients with other renal calculi components. The ionic product of calcium oxalate was significantly higher [P< 0.01] in patients than controls. In the study the mean calcium excretion was 21.6% higher in the patients than the controls subjects, whereas oxalate excretion was 25% higher, which is statistically significant. These results suggest that increased oxalate excretion may be as important as increased calcium excretion in the aetiology of calcium oxalate calculus. The measurement of urinary oxalate and calcium is clearly useful in the management of calcium oxalate calculus formers