[Comparison of kindergarten and non-kindergarten students to parents attachments in Tabriz]

Economical and social developments in recent years as well as increasing working women have caused dramatic changes in the daily life of communities and the incidence of short-term separation of mother and child. A comparative design was used in this study. 128 kindergarten and 112 non-kindergarten children were randomly selected for the study. Their age ranged from 4 to 6 years. Data were collected through demographic and kinship attachment questionnaires. The kinship questionnaires contained 4 sub-items. Data were analyzed using statistical tests such as t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient. Significant difference was observed between total attachment scores of kindergarten and non-kindergarten children. In terms of total attachment score, there was no significant difference between boys and girls. Comparison of children in kindergarten and non-kindergarten groups in "avoidance" sub-item showed significant difference. There was also a high correlation between family economical status and total attachment score in kindergarten children. There was no difference between attachment situation of the two groups of children and genders. Improving economic status of families practically had no positive effect on children's attachment

[Comparison of prone and supine positions on oxygenation of premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome treated with nasal CPAP in Tabriz Alzahra hospital, 2010, Tabriz, Iran]

Results of many studies suggest that prone position is effective in improving oxygenation. This study aims at comparing supine and prone positions on oxygenation of premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome who are under N-CPAP treatment. This study was conducted as a cross-sectional study on 44 premature infants of 29-34 weeks gestation who were under N-CPAP treatment in NICU of Tabriz Alzahra Hospital, 2010. The infants were randomly divided into 2 groups. The position of the first group was at first, prone and then supine, and for the second group was vice versa. Arterial oxygen saturation [SatO2] and fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2] were assessed in each position for 30 minutes and were recorded in a questionnaire. The data was analyzed by one-way ANOVA and repeated measures ANOVA. Statistical significance was considered at p<0.05. This study showed that there was a significant statistical difference between SatO2 and FiO2 in both groups in each two positions [p<0.05] and the results of variance analysis were significant [p=0.000], So that satO2 increased and FiO2 decreased when the position changed from supine to prone. This study showed that in premature infants under N-CPAP treatment, SatO2 increased and consequently, FiO2 decreased in prone position compared to supine position. Therefore, if there is no limitation for changing infants' position, prone position can be used to improve oxygenation during N-CPAP treatment

[Comparison of temperature rise in silorane-based and methacrylate-based composites cured by LED and Argon laser]

Temperature rise occurs during photoactivation of dental composites due to the exothermic polymerization reaction and different curing units. The aim of this study was evaluation of temperature rise in two kinds of composites with different curing units. In this experimental study, five samples of each composite resin [Filtek Z250, Filtek P90] were placed in two-millimeter deep Teflon molds which were 4mm in diameter. Curing was done from top surface with LED, high power LED and argon laser and temperature was recorded by a thermometer placed under the samples. After reaching room temperature, samples were cured and the temperature was recorded again. The time of maximum temperature was also recorded. The data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD. Composites and curing units had statistically significant influence on the temperature rise [p<0.001] Silorane-based composites showed significantly higher temperature rise than methacrylate-based ones. A significantly lower rise in temperature occurred when illumination was performed by argon laser. There was no significant difference in temperature rise between the two types of LEDs. The type of composite had no effect on the time of maximum temperature and in all samples the maximum temperature was recorded at the beginning of irradiation. Silorane-based composites showed higher temperature rise than methacrylatebased ones. Argon laser revealed less heat than LEDs. The maximum temperature rise was recorded at the beginning of irradiation

[Assessment of radiologists' agreement on measurement of alveolar bone dimension in tomography before implant surgeries]

Statement of Problem: Different imaging modalities are used for diagnostic objectives in implant treatment and the results are interpreted using individual subjective measurements. The significant differences among the observers' interpretation may result in various treatment outcomes

Purpose: The present study was done to assess the radiologists' agreement on measurement of alveolar bone dimensions in tomographies before implant surgeries

Materials and Method: In this observational diagnostic study, 30 digital conventional tomography images in a dental implant clinic were displayed on a monitor and four observers assessed them using "Digora for windows" software. The length and width of the alveolar bone in the implant recipient site were determined by the observers independently. The data were analyzed using paired T-Test and variance for repeated measures

Results: The means of the predicted length of the alveolar bone were 30.33, 31.48, 30.63 and 30.8 mm and those for the width were 12.0, 11.63, 12.13 and 7.82 mm, as estimated by each observer. The mean predicted value for the width of the implant recipient site was significantly different among observers [p <0.0001], but no significant difference was found for length. The observers' agreement in width assessment with 1mm difference was 3.3% to 40% and 10% to 73.3% with 2mm difference. The observers' agreement in the length detection was 16.7% to 33.3% with 1 mm difference and 33.3% to 60% within 2 mm difference. A higher observer agreement was found in the prediction of the alveolar bone length compared to the width

Conclusion: The results of the study show that the observers' agreement on detecting the alveolar bone length and width in the implant recipient site is not acceptable. However, a slightly higher agreement was estimated for the length of the alveolar bone as compared to the width

[ efficacy and complications of metformin produced by Iranian Co in comparison with Canadian Co]

Different pharmaceutical types of metformin are available for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. There is some doubt about the efficacy of metformin produced by domestic pharmaceutical companies. As a clinical trial, we compared the efficacy and complications of metformin produced by an Iranian company with metformin from a Canadian company in diabetic patients. Eighteen eligible women [age range: 32-62 years] with type 2 diabetes received metformin [500 mg twice a day] either from Iranian company or from Canadian company each for 6 weeks period in a randomized, double blind, crossover study. Fasting blood sugar [FBS], HbA1C, lipid profile [Chol, TG, HDL, and LDL], weight, and BMI were assessed before and after each treatment phase. The results were compared with each other by paired sample T-test and Independent sample T-test. Each of the two pharmaceutical types of metformin had the same therapeutic effects on FBS, HbA1C, lipid profile [except for HDL] and BMI. In addition, there was no significant difference between them in side effects [22.2% in each group]. According to the beneficial therapeutic effects of Iranian metformin, lower side effects and low cost, in comparison to its Canadian type, it seems that using Iranian metformin would be a suitable choice for control of glycemic patients. However, in this regard, further studies with greater samples are recommended

[Prevalence of infraorbital ethmoid air cell on panoramic radiographs]

Presence of Haller cells with or without disease can narrow the ethmoid infundibulum or ostium of maxillary antrum and result in persistent rhinosinusitis, recurrent sinusitis, and other clinical symptoms, so detection of haller cells in common panoramic radiographs can be useful in diagnosis of the origin of these problems. The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of infraorbital ethmoid cells on panoramic radiographs. Panoramic radiographs of 310 patients were evaluated according to the method of Ahmad et al. to detect infraorbital ethmoid cells. A well defined radiolucency was located medial to infraorbital foramen, wherever most of its border was visible and caused lack of cortication in inferior border of the orbit in the superimposition areas, was interpreted as infraorbital ethmoid cell. The radiographs were interpreted by three observers. the data were analyzed by Binary logistic regression test in SPSS software. Data from 310 panoramic radiographs were analyzed. 37% of radiographs were interpreted as to show infraorbital ethmoid cells. Infraorbital ethmoid cell might be considered as a quite common anatomic landmark, visible on panoramic radiographs. From a clinical point of view, this may be of diagnostic importance, because it has been stated that detection of haller cells may lead to detection of the origin of a number of sinus problems

[ physiological parameters in preterm infant in kangaroo and traditional methods]

Kangaroo method is a revolutionary way of taking a good care of infants, especially preterm infants. The studies have well demonstrated the positive effects of kangaroo method on physiological parameters of preterm infants. Skin to skin contacts can have effects on increasing the rate of oxygen saturation, decreasing the risk of hypothermia, stabilizing the heart rate, breath and sleep patterns. A cross over clinical trail was utilized to expose the infants and their mothers to both traditional and kangaroo methods. Sixty infants were selected through simple random allocation and divided into two groups. The infants in first group were removed from the incubator by kangaroo method which followed by the traditional method, for breastfeeding and the second groups vice versa. The infant's physiological parameters were measured at different times. The study demonstrated that the second group infants had different mean heart rate at 5th, 30th minutes, before removing from incubator and also five minutes after returning back [P=0.001, P=0.02, P=0.03]. It was also revealed that other physiological parameters [Breathing, oxygen saturation and temperature] didn't have any differences between groups. Mothers mostly preferred the kangaroo method to traditional way, especially those who had experienced infertility. All statistics were computed by the SPSS software [version 14]. Kangaroo and traditional method showed the same effect on physiological parameters. However, since the mothers preferred Kangaroo method, the researchers recommend it as a substitute for current nursing care methods

[ effect of outcome-based education on nursing students' clinical competency]

Despite global acceptance of outcome-based education, few investigations are available about its effects on clinical competencies [cognitive and behavioral skills] of nursing students. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of outcome-based education on clinical competencies of nursing students compared to traditional education. In this quasi-experimental study using two groups design with pre and post-tests, 26 nursing students were selected through census and divided randomly into two control and experiment groups. Each group included 6 to 7 persons. After completing the pre-test of cognitive skills, the control group received clinical education through traditional method and the experiment group through outcome-based education, for 9 days. Then, students' cognitive skills were measured by post-test and their behavioral skills were observed via checklist. Data was analyzed by SPSS software using Wilcoxon, Mann Whitney, and Fisher exact tests. Outcome-based education was effective in promoting students' cognitive and behavioral skills. The mean of cognitive and behavioral skills of the experiment group in post-test were significantly higher than that of the control group in all cases and in total. Also, students' clinical competency in the experiment group was significantly higher than control group. Outcome-based education leads to developing nursing students' competencies more than traditional method. It is recommended to employ this method more in clinical education

[Challenges of nursing students during their study: a qualitative study]

Several studies have recommended revisions in educational programs based on learners' feedbacks and needs. This study was performed with the aim of exploring and describing the meaning of challenges and feelings experienced by nursing students during their study. This qualitative study was performed as phenomenology on 20 senior nursing students selected by purposeful sampling method. In-depth and semi-structured interviews were used for data gathering. Data was analyzed by the team of researchers using hermeneutic analysis method. Findings were categorized into three major themes including challenge of "integrating knowledge and practice" with minor themes of employing theory in practice, using nursing procedure, and following scientific principles in clinic, the challenge of "management of learning environment" with the minor themes of environmental factors' effect on students' learning, causes of hopelessness and disappointment with nurses, preference in evaluation, deficiencies of educational programming, and lack of respecting patients' rights and privileges, and the challenge of "lack of community's respect to the value of nursing" with the minor themes including recognizing stAuts of nursing discipline, and the necessity for its revision, attitude of individuals and society toward nursing and limited independence of nursing. Interviewing students provided an insight into the challenges of educational environment which students had faced, during their study. Using the results of this study, nursing educators could build a positive and stimulating environment for students' learning and motivate them to maintain their interest in education and learning

Opinions of an Iranian nursing faculty on barriers to implementing problem-based learning

We investigated the opinions of all 53 lecturers in the nursing faculty of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences about barriers to implementation of problem-based learning [PBL]. A 13-item questionnaire was used which included questions on number and preparedness of students and lecturers, educational space and course content. We found that 95% of the respondents believed that the most important barrier was the students' lack of knowledge and skills in group work and active interaction; 94% also believed that the change in their role from lecturer to facilitator would not reduce their motivation but it could be a potential barrier. The majority [98%] indicated that the cost of implementation and maintenance of PBL, too many students and a shortage of lecturers competent in PBL were among the barriers that needed to be considered