effect of saccharomyces strains and fermentation condition on the ph, foam property and CO2 concentration of non-alcoholic beer [Ma-al-shaeer]

This study aims to determine the effect of fermentation condition and Saccharomyces strains on the pH, foam property and CO[2] concentration of non-alcoholic beer [Ma-al-shaeer]. For this, the beer samples were inoculated with four different species of Saccharomyces [Saccharomyces rouxii 70531, S. rouxii 70535, S. ludwigii 3447 and S. cerevisiae 70424] and fermented for 48h in both aerobic and periodic aeration at three different temperatures. Then their pH, CO[2] concentration and foam property were analyzed in 12h intervals during 48h fermentation. The results shows that the treatments with 4×10[7] CFU.ml[-1] and periodic aeration at 24?C showed the greatest decrease in pH, and the treatments with 10[7] CFU.ml[-1] and aerobic-periodic aeration at 4?C showed the lowest decrease in pH. The highest and lowest amounts of CO[2] and foam property were obtained in the treatments with 4×10[7] CFU.ml[-1] inoculation, aerobic condition, and the treatments with 10[7] CFU.ml[-1], periodic aeration, respectively. These results further demonstrated that the highest drop in pH, and the highest ability of producing CO[2] and foam were for S. cerevisiae 70424, and the lowest belonged to S. rouxii 70531. The overall outcome of the study points to the fact that physico-chemical properties of Ma-al-shaeer is important from the consumers' point of view. Therefore, S. cerevisiae with 4×10[7] CFU.ml[-1] inoculation and aerobic condition at 4°C has promising potential for producing Ma-al-shaeer with good physicochemical properties

Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on survival rate and growth performance of Convict Cichlid [Amatitlania nigrofasciata]

Using probiotics can control pathogens by a variety of mechanisms. Probiotics can promote growth performance and have, therefore, become increasingly important in the aquaculture industry. Convict Cichlid belongs to the family of Cichlidae and is known for its rapid development in laboratory conditions and is suitable for behavioral examinations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on growth performance, survival rate and body composition of Convict Cichlids [Amatitlania nigrofasciata]. One hundred sixty eight Convict Cichlids [mean weight: 2.1 +/- 0.12 g and mean length: 2.2 +/- 0.05 cm] were fed by commercial diets with different concentrations of S. cerevisiae [0, 0.5%, 1%, 2%]. At the end of the experiment, survival rate and growth indices were measured. Based on the results, growth performance significantly increased with probiotic, S. cerevisiae, specially, at the 2% probiotic level of concentration. In the present study, the best FCR [feed conversion rate], SGR [specific growth rate], CF [condition factor] and BWG [body weight gain] values were observed in a 2% concentration of S. cerevisiae. The results suggest that this yeast could improve feed utilization in this fish species

Effect of a home bleaching agent on the fracture toughness of resin composites, using short rod design

Statement of Problem: Resin composites are brittle materials and their major shortcomings are manifested in their sensitivity to flaws and defects. Although various mechanical properties of resin composites have been described, few studies are available on assessing the effect of bleaching agents on resin composites using the short rod design

Purpose: To place various resin composites into distilled water at 37°C for 21 days and determine the effect of immersion time in distilled water, with and without exposure to 10% carbamide peroxide by employing short rod design fracture toughness test

Materials and Method: Specimens were prepared from three resin composites; Rok [SDI], Esthet [Dentsply], and Estelite [Tokuyama]. For each material, a total of 24 disc-shaped specimens were prepared using a custom-made mould. Specimens were randomly divided into 3 groups of 8 and conditioned in 37°C distilled water for either 24 hours, or 21 days. 21 day specimens were tested both with and without applying bleaching agent; Polanight [SDI]. Study group specimens were bleached for 21 days, 2 hours a day. The specimens were loaded using a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm per minute. The maximum load at specimen failure was recorded and the K[Ic] [MPa. M [0.5]] was calculated

Results: Statistical analysis using two-way ANOVA showed a significant relationship between material and time [p< 0.05].Tukey's test showed that after 24 h of immersion in distilled water, Rok revealed the highest K[Ic] followed by Esthet and Estelite. The bleaching agent significantly improved the fracture toughness values of Esthet while it decreased that of Estelite

Conclusion: The fracture toughness of the resin composites was affected by the bleaching agent and distilled water. In comparison with Rok and Estelite, fracture toughness of Esthet was increased due to aging and application of bleaching agent

[Stratification of Kermanshah province districts in terms of health structural indicators using scalogram Model]

Accessing developmental goals and decreasing regional inequality requires regional planning in developing countries. Therefore, it is important to identify developmental position of regions relative to each other. The aim of this study was to classify Kermanshah province townships about situation of health structural enjoyment indicators using Scalogram Model. This is a descriptive study and it determines health structural enjoyment indicators in townships of Kermanshah province. Data related to indicators were collected in 3 categories of institutional, human resources and rural health by the researcher using statistical yearbook. Data analysis was done using Scalogram Model, Excel 2010 and SPSS/18. There is a large gap between townships of Kermanshah province in terms of enjoyment of structural indicators of health services. Kermanshah and Javanrud Townships with 81 score and Sarpol e Zahab Township with 39 score were the highest and lowest scores respectively from enjoyment of health structural indicators. Generally, 50% of townships were in less developed and underdeveloped level whereas 35.72% of townships were in developed level. High development was related to manpower indicator and low development was related to rural health institutional indicator. In order to improve less developed indicators and decrease the difference in enjoyment of health services indicators among townships, it is proposed that, development-oriented planning to be carried out appropriately with levels of development in these townships

Euthanasia in cancer patients, Islamic point of view

Euthanasia is an important subject that concerns law and medicine as well as morality and religion in the 21[St] century. Euthanasia has become a challengeable problem in scientific arena. In some countries, legal and medical practitioners are allowed to kill those cancer patients who suffer from excessive pain while incur enormous amount of expenses for their treatments. We used 3 main sources to find Islamic views on euthanasia: First, the Islamic primary source, the Holy Quran, which is the most important and reliable source for finding Islamic perspectives. Second, traditions [hadith] which include Prophet Mohammad's and his relatives's [Imams] advices. Third, religious opinions and decrees [Fatwas] from great Muslim scholars who are called Mofti Al-Aazam in Sunni tradition and Ayatollah Al-Ozma in Shiite tradition. Based on the reasons proposed in the references, it can be concluded that euthanasia is forbidden in Islamic theology; and no types of euthanasia are allowed or accepted in Islam; and any action whether voluntary or involuntary that results in euthanasia of cancer patients is considered suicide and is strongly forbidden in Islam. Euthanasia is purely illegal in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In this study, we introduced a religious law based on Islamic point of view and Emamyeh section in Islam. To investigate the sensitive issue of euthanasia in Islam, the Holy Quran as the fundamental reference of Islamic law and Sonnah as the reference of Hadith [Traditions] were studied

Study of syntrophic anaerobic digestion of volatile fatty acids using enriched cultures at mesophilic conditions

Volatile fatty acids are the most important intermediates in anaerobic digestion, and their degradations are extremely complicated thermodynamically. In this research, syntrophic anaerobic digestion of volatile fatty acids using enriched acetogenic and methanogenic cultures in a batch reactor at mesophilic conditions was investigated. Interactive effects of key microbiological and operating variables [propionic, butyric and acetic acids, retention time and methanogen to acetogen populations ratio] on the anaerobic degradation of volatile fatty acids were analyzed. Acetogenic and methanogenic anaerobes in the granular sludge from an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor were enriched at mesophilic conditions within a period of four weeks, separately. Enriched cultures were mixed with known proportions and then used in the bioreactor. Experiments were carried out based on central composite design and analyzed using response surface methodology. Four parameters [final concentrations of propionic, butyric and acetic acids and biogas production] were directly measured as response. Also, the optimum conditions for volatile fatty acid degradation were found to be 937.5 mg/L, 3275.5 mg/L, 2319.5 mg/L, 45 h and 2.2 proportions for propionic acid, butyric acid, acetic acid, retention time and methanogen to acetogen populations ratio, respectively [corresponding to maximum volatile fatty acid removal efficiencies and biogas production]. The results of the verification experiment and the predicted values from the fitted correlations at the optimum conditions were in close agreement at a 95% confidence interval. The present study provides valuable information about the interrelations of quality and process parameters at different values of microbiological and operating variables

[Health beliefs about mammography and clinical breast examination among female healthcare providers in Tabriz health centers]

Mammography and clinical breast examination have been recommended for early detection of breast cancer in asymptomatic women. Health beliefs play an important role in people's tendency toward participation in health promotion behaviors. The aim of this study was to determine the health beliefs of female health care providers of Tabriz Health Centers about mammography and clinical breast examination. It was a descriptive, cross- sectional study. The participants were recruited from 52 health center of Tabriz city by proportional cluster random sampling [n=196]. Data was collected by Champion's Health Belief Model Scale and analyzed using SPSS-PC [v.14]. The findings revealed that 26.6% and 10.7% of the sample had a history of mammography and clinical breast examination respectively. The most prevalent barriers to mammography and breast examination were beliefs about painful nature of mammography [2.45 +/- 1.02] and fear of the possible diagnosis of cancer [2.30 +/- 1.05]. There were significant associations between mammography and marital status [p=0.001] and age [p<0.001] and also between clinical breast examination and age [p=0.02]. Misconceptions and incorrect beliefs about mammography and clinical breast examination could result in low rate of participation in mammography and clinical breast examination. Providing educational programs to correct wrong health beliefs about these examinations is recommended

appropriate multiple criteria decision making method for solving electricity planning problems, addressing sustainability issue

In the past, decision making within the energy sector, especially in Iran, was limited to economic analysis. Lately, multiple criteria decision making has gained great popularity. However, this is not enough to make a right decision by considering sustainability. This paper deals with designing an appropriate multiple criteria decision making method to address the multifaceted nature of such problems. This task is the second precondition to make a decision which meets the sustainability criterion. This is done by revealing new facts about quantitative and qualitative data and the degree of compensation between the criteria. Moreover, this paper illustrates the capability of different methods with regard to sustainable energy planning and management in two steps: 1] comparison of two main approaches in the strategic energy planning context; 2] evaluation of multi attribute decision making methods and combining them. Combining four methods including Analytical hierarchy process. Preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluation II, geometric mean and weighted sum seems to result in designing an appropriate method which meets the sustainability criterion. These contributions are proposed for comparing the renewable energy technologies with non-renewable ones. Nevertheless, these seem to be applicable in any comparison between discrete alternatives in the energy sector

[Antifungal activity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil against clinical isolates of aspergillus]

Aspergillosis is an opportunistic fungal disease caused by different species of aspergillus. Clinical manifestation and severity of disease related to physiological conditions of host, involved organs and aspergillus species. Cinnamomum zeylanicum is an evergreen tree 10-15 meter length and belongs to Lauraceae family. It grows in Srilanka. Its essential oil has antimicrobial activity. Study of Antifungal activity of this essential oil against clinical isolates of aspergillus and determination of MIC. Broth microdilution method was used in this research .Essential oil of Cinnamomum zeylanicum was extracted by means of Clevenger apparatus then its MICs on clinical isolates of Aspergillus were calculated by broth microdilution method. Number of samples was twenty seven. MICs are: eight isolates: 1.18 micro g/ml, six isolates: 0.59 micro g/ml, four isolates: 0.29 micro g/ml, five isolates: 0.14 micro g/ml and four isolates: 0.07 micro g/ml. In view of the fact that Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil was effective against all isolates in this research, we recommend the investigation of its antifungal properties Invivo

Correlation between emotional intelligence and socioemotional adjustment in preuniversity girl students in Tehran in 2008

with regards to the importance of emotional intelligence in stress modification and adjusting behaviors, this study was carried out to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and socioemotional adjustment in pre university girl students in Tehran in 2008. In this descriptive study, 300 pre university students in Tehran were selected via multi stage stratified random sampling. The instruments for data collection included demographic information, baron emotional intelligence questionnaire and adjustment inventory for high school students. Data were analyzed by means of chisquare test and Pearson correlation coefficient. the results of the study showed that there was a significant correlation between emotional intelligence and socioemotional adjustment [p<0.01]. Also, the majority of students had good level of emotional adjustment [%56], and moderate level of social adjustment [%39/7]. Regarding the meaningful association between emotional intelligence and the above mentioned variables, training on the emotional intelligence factors in order to promote potential for facing the problems and effective adjustment is mandatory for students

[Efficacy of GNRH or CIDR on out of seas on reproductive performance of ewe]

An investigation was under taken to evaluate the out of season reproduction performance of ewe. A flock consisting 119 ewes was synchronized via implementation CIDR over a period of 12 days, following by injection of PMSG [400 IU]. The ewes inseminated and divided to three experimental groups. Group1: Injection of GnRH [5ml] at day 12 post insemination, group 2: Received CIDR for 5 to 15 days post insemination and group 3[control]: ewes did not receive any treatment. Data were analyzed in Chi- Square method by SAS soft were. Fertility in group1, 2 and 3 were 40, 30 and 30.76 percent and fecundity were 65.0, 37.5 and 43.5 percent and twining rate were 62.5, 25.0 and 41.6 percent, respectively. Results reveal that supplementation of progesterone or GnRH would not enhance reproductive performance in the ewe in out of season

Cancer incidence among the elderly population in the Northwest of Iran: a population based study

This article was aimed to provide an overview and a perspective on the changing impact of cancers with increasing age on three age groups. A population based cancer registry was undertaken to register all new cancers cases from March 2006 to March 2007. During one year, 2023 [41.1%] of 4922 patients with cancer were >/= 65 years. The five most common cancers [excluding skin cancer] were stomach, bladder, esophagus, prostate and lung in males and esophagus, stomach, breast, colorectal cancer and bladder in females. Taking into account the increasing life expectancy in Iran, establishment and implementation of national cancer control program should be of priority for health policy makers in this country

Urologic diseases in the Islamic Republic of Iran: what are the public health priorities?

This study was designed to estimate the burden of urologic diseases in the Islamic Republic of Iran as a practical method for defining public health priorities. Using World Health Organization guidelines for national burden of disease studies, 6 steps were performed: selecting diseases to include; dynamic modelling of diseases; gathering data about urologic diseases; computing the local disability weights of urologic diseases; data analysis with DisMod II; and computing the disability-adjusted life years for each disease. Renal calculus, acute cystitis, chronic prostatitis, benign prostate hyperplasia, male infertility and adult polycystic kidney disease comprised the greatest burden

[ prevalence of thyroid pathological lesions of in 202 autopsic samples obtained at Isfahan forensic medicine center]

Considering the influence of geographical, genetic and ethnic factors on the prevalence of thyroid pathological lesions, this study was performed to assess the prevalence of pathological lesions in thyroid autopsic samples obtained from adult cadavers of Isfahan Forensic Medical Center. In this study, 202 thyroid glands from cadavers with no evidence of thyroid diseases, removed during autopsies at Isfahan Forensic Medicine Center, were analyzed. After gross studies, thyroid glands were fixed in 5% formalin for 72 hrs, and then 3-6 sections were obtained from each gland. Tissue sections were microscopically studied by two pathologists for histopathological lesions. Among 202 thyroid glands [removed from 159 males and 43 females], 131[64.85%] were histopathologically normal, and goiter [nodular, and diffuse], Hashimoto's thyroiditis, lymphocytic thyroiditis, follicular adenoma and papillary carcinoma were observed in 41 [20.3%], 10 [4.95%], 12 [5.94%], 2 [1.49%] and 12 [5.94%] of the thyroid glands, respectively. Twenty-six glands [12.23%] had nodules sized

Depression in cancer surgery

Depression is common in today world and this article seeks to address issues related to depression in cancer surgery. Surgical situations and their effects on patients, as well as depression in the family and the surgeon are highlighted

effects of education methods on body weight and some of serum indices in hemodialysis patients referred to Qom Kamkar Hospital in 2007

The number of hemodialysis patients has been increasing in recent years. Accumulation of metabolic waste products due to nonobservance of the proper diet is one of the mechanisms that threatens the health of these patients. In this study, the effects of lecture and handbook education methods have been evaluated on changes of body weight, serum sodium, potassium, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and phosphorus in hemodialysis patients. In this clinical trial study, 113 hemodialysis patients were divided into three groups including control, lecture education, and handbook education groups. The indices were measured monthly, starting 3 months before and continuing for 3 months after the intervention. A comparison was made between the mean of each index measured before and after the intervention, using One-way ANOVA, followed by the Tukey's post-hoc test. Except sodium concentration, all other indices showed a significant reduction in both lecture and handbook education groups in comparison with controls [P <0.05]. Although, in lecture education group the reduction of indices was higher than handbook education group, the reduction was not significant except for the serum blood urea nitrogen. Education can effectively help hemodialysis patients to reduce their weight and serum indices and it seems that education by lecture is more effective than by handbook

Social security costs in Iran: an econometrics view

In recent years Iranian Social Security Organization has developed its protection level to more labor force population and accepted more responsibilities. Because of these more responsibilities, more costs have been charged to this organization. At this article short run protection costs related to such responsibilities for the above mentioned organization are investigated. For this purpose, cost function for short run protections with the help of literatures for multi-product firms and using panel Data in econometrics methods for all Iran's provinces have been estimated. Results show that short run protections has most sensitivity by quantity of unemployment insurance users

Wife abuse in Esfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran, 2002

We carried out a cross-sectional study with cluster random sampling to study the status of wife abuse in Esfahan from April to July 2002. We interviewed 386 married women using a standard questionnaire. Mean age was 35.7 years [range 15-78 years]. Prevalence of wife abuse was 36.8%; incidence was 29.3%. Types of abuse included inattention to wife's feelings 44.8%, threatening to prevent communicating with the wife's family 38.1%, slapping 31.9% and beating 27.2%. Husband's age, use of drugs or alcohol, smoking, income and number of children were all associated with wife abuse [P < 0.05]. We recommend further investigation to detect the risk factors for wife abuse in this community along with mass education concerning sexual responsibility and conduct towards wives. We also advocate the promotion of supportive measures for abused women