Desempenho de tambaquis (Colossoma macropomum) submetidos a restrição alimentar e a realimentação em tanques-rede / Performance of tambaqui submitted feed deprivation and refeeding in cages

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho de tambaquis (Colossoma macropomum) submetidos à restrição alimentar e à realimentação em tanques-rede. Durante 60 dias, foram alocados 100 tambaquis (peso inicial de 8,0 ± 0,5g), em 20 tanques-rede. Foram realizados quatro tratamentos: T1=animais alimentados diariamente (controle), T2=alimentados durante seis dias com um dia de restrição de ração (6A/1R), T3=alimentados durante cinco dias com dois dias de restrição (5A/2R) e T4 = alimentados durante quatro dias com três dias de restrição (4A/3R). Os animais foram alimentados duas vezes ao dia, às oito e às 16 horas, até a aparente saciedade, com ração extrusada comercial (42%PB). Utilizaram-se cinco repetições para cada tratamento e cinco peixes por unidade experimental, em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. A coleta de dados para avaliação do desempenho produtivo foi feita com base no peso final, no ganho de peso, no consumo médio de ração, na conversão alimentar, no comprimento total, no comprimento padrão, na altura, no índice de cabeça e de perfil, na taxa de eficiência proteica, na taxa de crescimento específico e na sobrevivência. Os resultados foram submetidos à ANOVA e ao teste de Tukey (P≥5). O tratamento 5A/2R apresentou-se como a melhor ferramenta na redução de custos de produção sem prejuízo ao desempenho produtivo de juvenis de tambaqui.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the performance of tambaqui juveniles (Colossoma macropomum) submitted to feed deprivation and refeeding in cages. For 60 days of experimentation, 100 tambaquis were used (initial weight 8.0 ± 0.5g), distributed in 20 cages. The treatments were: T1=daily fed animals (control), T2=fed for six days and one day of restriction (6F/1R), T3=fed for five days and two days of restriction (5F/2R) and T4=fed for four days with three days of restriction (4F/3R). With five replicates each, and five fish for each experimental unit, arranged in a completely randomized design. In accordance with treatments, the fishes were fed twice a day at 08:00am and 4:00pm. The data collection for the performance evaluation was based on final weight, weight gain, average feed intake, alimentary conversion, total length, standard length, height, index head, index profile, protein efficiency rate, specific growth rate and survival at the end of the experimental period. Results were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey test (P≥5). Treatment 5F/2R resulted in the best performance results, which is a tool in reducing production costs without loss in performance of tambaqui juvenile.

Avaliação da imobilidade tônica em codornas de corte via análise de sobrevivência' / Tonic immobility evaluation in meat quail via survival analysis

Tonic immobility (TI) is a way to measure fear, as characterized by the reduced capacity to respond to external stimuli. The time spent in TI indicates the level of fear. Since TI is measured as the time until event occurrence, survival analysis stands out as a suitable statistical method to treat these data. We aimed to investigate the influence of possible factors (lines, sex and age) on fear behavior in meat quail (Coturnix coturnix) measured through TI by using survival analysis (non parametric Kaplan-Meyer method via logrank test). The dataset was composed by TI information provided by 50 animals from each line (UFV1 and UFV2) in each age (14 and 28 days of age), totalizing 200 records. Despite the slight difference between the two evaluated ages, there was no significance for this factor between each studied line, UFV1 (P= 0.1493) and UFV2 (P= 0.2583). The logrank test indicated significant difference (P= 0.0407) between levels of line/sex groups at 14 days of age. We noted that males from UFV2 line presented higher fear behavior in relation to males from UFV1 line. No significant differences were observed for this factor when considering 28 days of age.(AU)

Compostos químicos e aspectos botânicos, etnobotânicos e farmacológicos da Byrsonima verbascifolia Rich ex. A. Juss / Chemical compounds and botanical, ethnobotanical and pharmacological aspects of Byrsonima verbascifolia Rich ex. A. Juss

RESUMO Byrsonima verbascifolia Rich ex. A. Juss é uma espécie do cerrado brasileiro com uso etnobotânico vasto. O objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar um levantamento bibliográfico de artigos originais e revisões, indexados até agosto de 2014 nas bases de dados Periódicos CAPES, Scielo, Scopus, Web of Science e Medline, nos idiomas português e inglês, utilizando a palavra-chave Byrsonima verbascifolia. Foram contemplados a composição química e os aspectos botânicos, etnobotânicos e farmacológicos. Os estudos presentes na literatura avaliaram as atividades antioxidante, antifúngica, antiviral, antimicrobiana, moluscicida, antimutagênica, mutagênica, teratogênica, imunomodulatória, tóxica e citotóxica de extratos dessa espécie. Apenas um estudo avaliou a atividade da Byrsonima verbascifoliaRich ex. A. Juss in vivo, sendo comprovado que o extrato hidrometanólico das folhas não induz teratogênese, mutagênese ou efeito estimulante ou depressor da resposta imune. Metodologias in vitro predominaram o que demonstra a necessidade de investigação científica empregando testes in vivo para a melhor avaliação das outras atividades biológicas mencionadas.

ABSTRACT Byrsonima verbascifolia is a species of Brazilian cerrado with extensive ethnobotanical application. The aim of this study was to perform a bibliographic description of original papers and reviews indexed until August 2014 in the databases of the CAPES Digital Library, Scielo, Scopus, Web of Science and Medline, written in Portuguese and English, using the keyword Byrsonima verbascifolia. The chemical and botanical compositions and the ethnobotanical and pharmacological aspects were contemplated. The researches in the reports evaluated the antioxidant, antifungal, antiviral, antimicrobial, molluscicide, antimutagenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, immunomodulatory, toxic and cytotoxic activities of the extracts of this specie. Only one study evaluated the in vivo activity of the Byrsonima verbascifolia Rich ex. A. Juss and proved that the hydromethanolic extract from the leaves does not induce teratogenesis, mutagenesis, stimulant or depressant effect of the immune response. The In vitro methodologies represented the higher number of researches demonstrating the need of scientific investigation using in vivo tests for better assessment of other biological activities mentioned.

Desenvolvimento de bezerros leiteiros alimentados com silagem de leite de transição: II - Órgãos internos / Development of dairy calves fed silage transition milk: II - Internal organs

Avaliou-se o tamanho absoluto e relativo dos órgãos internos de bezerros Holandeses aleitados com leite, silagem de leite de transição diluída em água ou misturada em leite. Foram utilizados 18 animais, machos, com 60 dias de idade e peso corporal médio de 70,3kg (±11,8kg). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com três tratamentos e seis repetições. Os animais foram abatidos aos dois meses de idade, sendo previamente submetidos a jejum alimentar de 16 horas. O aleitamento modificou os pesos dos órgãos internos e da gordura omental dos animais, exceto para rins e gordura mesentérica, e não alterou o consumo de alimentos sólidos. A silagem de leite de transição diluída em água comprometeu o desempenho dos bezerros, refletindo no peso dos órgãos internos e de gordura omental, e apresentou pesos absolutos para fígado, baço e gordura omental de 1.072, 186 e 133g, respectivamente. A silagem misturada em leite proporcionou resultados mais semelhantes ao fornecimento exclusivo de leite, demonstrando-se como opção para o aleitamento de bovinos jovens...

This study aimed to evaluate the absolute and relative size of internal organs of Holstein calves which suckled milk, silage transition milk diluted with water or mixed in milk. We used 18 male animals, 60 days old with a mean body weight of 70.3kg (± 11.8kg). The experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments and six replications. The animals were slaughtered at two months, and previously fasted for 16 hours. Breast feeding changed the weights of internal organs and omental fat of animals, except for kidney and mesenteric fat, and did not affect food intake solids. The silage transition milk diluted in water compromised the performance of the calves, reflecting on the weight of internal organs and omental fat, and showed absolute weights for liver, spleen and omental fat of 1072, 186 and 133g, respectively. The silage mixed with milk yielded results more similar to the exclusive milk supply, being an option for suckling calves...

Desempenho de tilápias-do-nilo alimentadas com farelo da casca de pequi / Performance of Nile tilapia fed with bran made of pequi peel

Avaliou-se o desempenho de tilápias-do-nilo alimentadas com farelo da casca de pequi (Caryocar brasiliense). Foram utilizados 200 alevinos, com idade de 37 dias e peso corporal médio de 0,63±0,25g, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos ­ zero, 20, 40 e 60% de substituição de ração comercial por farelo da casca de pequi ­ e cinco repetições representadas por caixas de cloreto de polivinila com capacidade para 130L, contendo 10 peixes cada, totalizando 20 unidades experimentais. As características de desempenho avaliadas foram consumo de ração, peso corporal, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, comprimento total e viabilidade criatória. A conversão alimentar ­ 1,96µ; 2,21µ; 2,63µ; 3,12µ - piorou linearmente com a inclusão do farelo de casca da pequi, enquanto as demais variáveis de desempenho não foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos. Conclui-se que a inclusão do farelo da casca de pequi na ração piora a conversão alimentar, sem alterar as demais variáveis de desempenho.

The performance of Nile tilapia fed with bran made of pequi peel was evaluated. Two hundred fingerlings, at 37 days of age and with mean body weight of 0.63±0.25 g, were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments ­0, 20, 40 and 60% of replacement of commercial diet with bran made of pequi peel ­with five repetitions represented by boxes of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with capacity for 130 L, with 10 fish each, totalizing 20 experimental units. The performance characteristics evaluated were feed intake, body weight, weight gain, feed conversion, total length, and live viability. Feed conversion ­1.96µ; 2.21µ; 2.63µ; 3.12µ­ increased linearly with the inclusion of bran made of pequi peel, while the other performance variables were not influenced by treatments. The conclusion is that the inclusion of bran peel in the pequi diet worsened feed conversion, without changing other performance variables.

Produção de biomassa de erva-cidreira [Lippia alba (Mill. ) N.E.Br. ] sob adubação com composto de capim elefante inoculado e sem inoculação de actinomicetos / Biomass production of Lippia alba (Mill. ) N.E.Br. under fertilization with compost inoculated elephant grass and without inoculation of actinomycetes

A erva-cidreira [Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Br.] é uma espécie da família Verbenaceae amplamente utilizada pela população brasileira, devido às propriedades calmante, espasmolítica suave, analgésica, sedativa, ansiolítica e levemente expectorante. Para implantação do experimento foi produzido composto orgânico de capim elefante + esterco, na proporção de 70% de material vegetal e 30% de esterco, sem inoculação e inoculados com os isolados de actinomicetos do gênero Streptomyces: AC16; AC26; AC92 e AC103. Os compostos foram acondicionados em sacos de polietileno contendo 10,0 kg de solo adicionados na proporção equivalente a 20 t ha-1 e foram reaplicados logo após a primeira colheita. As colheitas da parte aérea foram realizadas aos 75 e 165 dias após o transplante. As raízes foram colhidas logo após a segunda colheita. Os tratatamentos com adubação orgânica promoveram aumento médio na produção de biomassa da erva-cidreira de 184, 83, 125, 115 e 122% para biomassa seca da parte aérea (MSPA) na primeira colheita, de MSPA na segunda colheita, biomassa seca total da parte aérea (MSTPA), biomassa seca de raiz (MSR) e biomassa seca total da cultura (MST), respectivamente, quando comparados com o tratamento controle, porém não houve efeito da inoculação de actinomicetos no composto orgânico. Nas condições em que este estudo foi realizado foi possível concluir que a adubação com composto orgânico de capim elefante influenciou positivamente a produção de biomassa seca da L. alba, mas a inoculação dos compostos com actinomicetos não exerceu influência.

L. alba is a species of the family Verbenaceae widely used by the Brazilian population, because of the soothing, gentle antispasmodic, analgesic, expectorant, sedative, anxiolytic and smoothly. For the implementation of the experiment produced organic compound of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Shum.) + manure at 70% plant material and 30% manure, uninoculated and inoculated with the actinomycete Streptomyces genus, AC16, AC26, AC92 and AC103. The compounds were placed in polyethylene bags containing 10.0 kg of soil added in a proportion equivalent to 20 t ha-1 and re-apply after the first harvest. The harvests of the shoots were taken at 75 and 165 days after transplantation. The roots were harvested after the second harvest. Dealing with organic fertilization promoted the average increase in biomass production of lemon grass 184, 83, 125, 115 and 122% for the dry stem biomass (MSPA) in the first harvest, second harvest of MSPA, total shoot biomass (MSTPA), dry biomass of the root (MSR) and the total crop biomass (MST), respectively, compared with the control, but no effect of inoculation of actinomycetes in compost. Under the conditions of this study was conducted, it was concluded that the organic compound fertilizer with elephant grass positively influenced the production of dry biomass of L. alba, but the injection of the compounds of the actinomycetes, without influence.

Effect of antipyrine on the gastric emptying of liquid in rats

Antipyrine (At) and dipyrone (Dp) delay gastric emptying (GE) in rats. The objective of the present study was to assess the effects of intravenous (iv) and intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of At and Dp on the GE of liquid by rats. GE was assessed in male Wistar rats (5-10 in each group) 10 min after the icv or iv drug injection by measuring percent gastric retention ( percentGR) of a saline test meal labeled with phenol red 10 min after administration by gavage. The At iv group was significantly higher (64.4 ± 2.6 percent) compared to control (33.4 ± 1.5 percent) but did not differ from the Dp group (54.3 ± 3.8 percent). After icv administration of At, percentGR (34.2 ± 2 percent) did not differ from control (32.6 ± 1.9 percent), but was significantly higher after Dp (54.5 ± 2.3 percent). Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy significantly reduced percentGR in the At group (30.2 ± 0.7 percent) compared to the sham group, but was significantly higher than in the controls (23.0 ± 0.5 percent). In the animals treated with At iv, baclofen significantly reduced percentGR (28.3 ± 2.4 percent) compared to vehicle-treated animals (55.2 ± 3.2 percent). The same occurred in the animals treated iv with vehicle and icv with baclofen. Although vagotomy and baclofen reduced percentGR per se, the reduction was twice more marked in the animals treated with At. The results suggest that At administered iv, but not icv, delays GE of liquid in rats with the participation, at least in part, of the vagus nerve and that this phenomenon is blocked by the activation of GABA B receptors in the central nervous system.

Serum electrolyte and total protein alterations in Pantaneiro horse during long distance exercise

Blood samples were taken from eight Pantaneiro horses during a 76Km endurance ride. The horses were divided into two groups: 1- four horses kept on native pasture, without working and with no supplementation during one month before the ride, 2- four horses kept on native pasture with supplementation and submitted to work during one month before the ride. Serum concentration of total protein, albumin, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium and phosphorus were measured. Samples were taken before the ride (preride), during the mid point (midride), at the end of the ride (postride) and after a 30-minute recovery period (rest). Sweat samples were collected from five horses at the end of the ride to measure sodium, potassium, and chloride. In the groups, there was a significant decrease in calcium and potassium, and an increase in sodium and phosphorus during the ride. Heart rate values after 30 minutes of rest indicated a good recovery response