Evaluation of antimicrobial activities of Harmine, Harmaline, Nicotine and their complexes

Harmine, Harmaline, Nicotine and its various complexes synthesized have been characterized by physical, spectral and analytical methods and curtained for in-vitro antimicrobial activity against different bacterial and fungal species at two different concentrations i.e.100micro g/100micro l and 200micro g/100micro l dose level respectively. Analysis showed that Nicotine, Zinc-Nico, Cd-Nico, Hg-Nico, Ni-Nico, Cu-Nico, Co-Nico, Harmine, and Harmaline having conc. of 100ug/ 100ul had antibacterial activity on zero, 5, 4, 10, zero, 5, 7, zero, zero strain of bacteria having an average of zero [SD=0.0000], 15.2000 [SD=1.30384], 18.2500 [SD=3.30404], 20.2000 [SD=1.39841], zero [SD=0.0000], 14.6000 [SD=0.89443], 15.8571 [SD=1.34519], zero [SD=0.0000], zero [SD=0.0000] respectively. Zinc [II] chloride, Cadmium [II] Iodide, Mercury [II] chloride, Nickel [II] chloride, Copper [II] chloride, Cobalt [II] chloride, Mercury [II] chloride, Mercury [II] harmine, Mercury [II] harmaline at 100ug/100ul is valid for 7, 8, 9, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 8 strains of bacteria with an average of 7.1429 [SD=1.06904], 10.0000 [SD=5.01427], 14.8889 [SD=6.00925], 6.0000 [SD=0.0000], 8.5714 [SD=4.27618], 8.2500 [SD=0.88641], 14.8889 [SD=6.00925], 18.6000 [SD=2.45855], 18.5000 [SD=1.85164] respectively. The above given compounds at the conc. of 200 micro g/100ul is valid for 10, 9, 10, 8, 8, 10, 10, 10, 10 strains of bacteria with an average of 8.1 [SD=1.66333], 11.7778 [SD=5.28625], 16.1000 [SD=6.36745], 6.5000 [SD=0.92582], 9.7500 [SD=4.43203], 9.9000 [SD=2.76687], 16.1000 [SD=6.36745], 22.0000 [SD=2.44949], 20.4000 [SD=2.75681] respectively. The above given compounds at conc. of 200 micro g/100ul showed antibacterial action on 3, 8, 8, 10, 3, 9, 8, zero, 3 strains of bacteria with an average of 14[SD=0.000], 16.8750 [SD=1.35620], 18.2500 [SD=3.45378], 22.7000 [SD=1.82878], 14.3333 [SD=0.57735], 16.7778 [SD=1.71594], zero [SD=0.000], 12.0000 [SD=1.00000] respectively. Hence according to the average value of the zone of inhibition, maximum antibacterial activity at 100-200ug/100ul is of Hg-Nico and Mercury salt; Mercury [II] harmine having an average of 20.2000 [SD=1.39841]-22.7000 [SD=1.82878] and 18.6000 [SD=2.45855]-22.0000 [SD=2.44949]. Minimum antibacterial activity at 100-200ug/100ul is Nicotine100, Nicotine-Nico100, Harmine 100,Harmaline 100, Harmine 200 having zero average [SD=0.000]

Refractory myasthenia gravis; patient on rituximab with acute respiratory failuer: case report

Myasthenia gravis [MG] is prototypical neurological autoimmune disorder, characterized by limb and occulo-bulbular fragility. Our case study will facilitate the practitioners as well as the scientific community to consider other therapy plans with patients presented with acute respiratory failure due to the use of rituximab.A 25-year-old man presented with acute respiratory failure This case reporte sheds light on the importance of differential diagnoses of refractory myasthenia gravis for inexplicable acute respiratory failure upon rituximab treatment. The case study demonstrates the problems associated with use of rituximab in refractory myasthenia gravis. It can cause acute respiratory failure among the patients with relapse specially. Our case study will facilitate the practitioners as well as the scientific community to consider other therapy plans with patients presented with acute respiratory failure due to the use of rituximab.

Patterns of prescription writing in psychiatric clinics

To screen the prescription-writing pattern of psychiatrists in private clinic in Peshawar for the essential elements of prescriptions and to investigate the prescribing trends at Peshawar. This observational study was carried out at LRH Peshawar on 602 prescriptionsin 5 months duration. The prescriptions were collected from the patients admitted to LRH and the variables were checked and noted directly into electronic form. Averagely 3.34 drugs were prescribed per prescription, in which drug-related variables: [i] strength of medication was indicated for all drugs in 409 [67.94%] of the prescriptions and were missing for some drugs in 177 [29.4%] prescriptions, [ii] total quantity of a drug to be dispensed was indicated for any drug in just over 111[18.43%] of prescriptions, [iii] The instructions for taking the medication were complete in only 301 [50%] of prescriptions. Fluoxetine alone or in combination [8.4%] was the most commonly prescribed antidepressant. There were 319 [15.8%] non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs] and/or analgesics. Vitamin preparations accounted for 4.02% of all drugs dispensed. SSRI's were the most frequently prescribed medication in majority of prescriptions. Inconsistency regarding different prescription components was observed, such as strength of medication, frequency or instruction for medication use etc

Substance abuse in patients with co-morbid adhd

To study the tendency of occurrence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD] with substance abuse. A cross-sectional, hospital based study. The study was carried out at Lady Reading Hospital and Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan from 4th April 2012 to 29th August 2012. A sample of 110 adult patients with 53 heroin dependents, 23 THC, 15 opium, 11 poly drug and 8 alcohol dependents were analyzed that whether they were ADHD and that childhood problem continues to manifest symptoms in adults. For retrospective assessment of childhood ADHD, the Wender Utah Rating Scale [WURS] as well as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [DSM-IV] symptom checklist for ADHD was used. The Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales [CAARS] was used to assess the persisting symptoms of ADHD in adults.Patient diagnosed with drug and alcohol dependence according to DSM-IV were included in the study whereas patient co-morbid with any other psychiatric illnesses were excluded. Heroin dependent showed 41.5% [WURS] and 37.7% [DSM-IV diagnostic criteria], whereas THC validated 34.7% [WURS] and 30.4% [DSM-IV], opium demonstrated 46.6% [WURS] and 40%[DSM-IV], poly drug dependence established 63.6% [WURS] and 54.5% [DSM-IV] and alcohol dependent showed 50% [WURS] and 37.5% [DSM-IV] indicated evidence of retrospective ADHD affliction in childhood. CAARS was presented in 35.8% heroin dependent, 34.7% THC, 46.6% opioid, 33.3% poly drug dependence and 37.5% alcohol dependent; and exhibited a substantiation of ADHD persistent in adulthood. The difference between the mean score of WURS and CAARS of ADHD patients were significantly greater [P = 0.029], than the normal patients. Pese results revealed that ADHD is a risk factor associated with substance dependence, expressed in the form of heroine, THC, opioid, alcohol dependence and also in poly drug dependence