Spectrum of menstrual problems after tubal ligation

To determine the frequency of menstrual problems after tubal ligation. Study Design: Descriptive study. This study was carried out in gynae department of PAF Hospital Sargodha, Pakistan from September 2011 to September 2012. Two hundred patients were included in the study with menstrual problems after tubal ligation. Forty seven percent of patients presented with menorrhagia, 28% presented with metrorrhagia, 13% patients were having complaints of polymenorrhoea and 5% patients presented with dysmenorrhea and 7% had oligomenorrhoea after tubal ligation. Thirty one percent of patients ended up in hysterectomy and 37% of patients had improvement of symptoms with medical treatment. Menstrual problem is a common complaint in our gynecological patients. A large number of these patients had history of tubal ligation. Menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, polymenorrhoea and dysmenorrhoea can occur after tubal ligation. Patients giving the history of menstrual problems and wants tubal ligation should be counselled earlier for these symptoms

Ectopic pregnancy after bilateral tubal ligation

Ectopic pregnancy presents a major health problem for women of child bearing age. It results from implantation of conception in fallopian tube outside the endometrial cavity[1]. Without timely diagnosis and treatment, ectopic pregnancy can become a life threatening condition[2]. Prior tubal surgery has been demonstrated to increase the risk of increasing ectopic pregnancy[3]. Conception after previous tubal ligation increases a woman's risk of developing ectopic pregnancy

Comparison of spinal versus general anaesthesia for patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section

The objective of this study was to compare post operative benefits of spinal versus general anaesthesia after caesarean section delivery. Randomized control trial [RCT] Place and Duration of the study: The study was conducted at the Gynaecology and Obstetrics Department, Combined Military Hospital Sialkot for one year from January 2007 to January 2008. Subject and Method: A total of of 100 full term pregnant hospitalised patients registered for caesarean section were selected for this study by dividing them equally into study [spinal] and control [general] groups from 18 to 37 years age. Both groups were compared. Outcome variables were appearance, pulse, grimace, activity and respiration [Apgar] score of new born, post-operative hospital stay, throat irritation, post-operative Cough, chest infection, headache, backache and nausea /vomiting. The data was analyzed by SPSS-10 for significance where applicable. The study revealed that the differences of both major variables, the Apgar score among babies born and post operative hospital stay between study and control groups were insignificant [p>0.05]. However throat irritation, postoperative cough, and chest infections were significantly less frequent [p<0.05] while frequencies of headache, backache and nausea/vomiting were higher after spinal anaesthesia [p>0.05]. The post operative benefits of spinal anaesthesia cannot be advocated on a minor factor bases. Comparison of postoperative complications of caesarean section after spinal or general anaesthesia revealed no significant major differences. The minor differences can be easily managed by the best hospital services and competent personnel. Each type of anaesthesia can be used safely