Unusual anomaly of the radial artery encountered during the elevation of a radial forearm free flap: a case report

The radial forearm free flap (RFFF) has become popular for head and neck reconstructions. Owing to a constant anatomy the RFFF is relatively easy to dissect. Nevertheless, anatomical variations of the radial artery have been reported. Some variations could affect the survival of the flap. This paper reports an unusual anomaly of the radial artery where the radial artery was not located between the brachioradialis (BR) and flexor carpi radialis. The radial artery was observed above the BR and on the radial side of the BR. The survival of the elevated flap was deemed questionable because it had only few perforators. So we decided to discard the flap and to elevate another free flap for the head and neck defect. The donor area on the forearm was covered using the original skin of the first flap as a full-thickness skin graft. This case highlights a means to deal with anomalies of the radial artery encountered during the elevation of RFFF and the checking process for variations of the radial artery before RFFF.

Surgical outcomes of suprafascial and subfascial radial forearm free flaps in head and neck reconstruction

Background@#Conventional radial forearm free flaps (RFFFs) are known to be safe, but can result in donor site complications. Based on our experiences with suprafascial and subfascial RFFFs, we evaluated the safety of flap survival and surgical outcomes. @*Methods@#This was a retrospective study of head and neck reconstructions using RFFFs from 2006 to 2021. Thirty-two patients underwent procedures using either subfascial (group A) or suprafascial (group B) dissection for flap elevation. Data were collected on patient characteristics, flap size, and donor and recipient complications, and the two groups were compared. @*Results@#Thirteen of the 32 patients were in group A and 19 were in group B. Group A included 10 men and three women, with a mean age of 56.15 years, and group B included 16 men and three women, with a mean age of 59.11 years. The mean defect areas were 42.83 cm² and 33.32 cm², and the mean flap sizes were 50.96 cm² and 44.54 cm² in groups A and B, respectively. There were 13 donor site complications: eight (61.5%) in group A and five (26.3%) in group B. Flexor tendon exposure occurred in three patients in group A and in none in group B. All flaps survived completely. A recipient site complication occurred in two patients (15.4%) in group A and three patients (15.8%) in group B. @*Conclusions@#Complications and flap survival were similar between the two groups. However, tendon exposure at the donor site was less prevalent in the suprafascial group, and the treatment period was shorter. Based on our data, suprafascial RFFF is a reliable and safe procedure for reconstruction of the head and neck.

Reconstruction of a large chest wall defect using bilateral pectoralis major myocutaneous flaps and V-Y rotation advancement flaps: a case report

Bilateral pectoralis major myocutaneous (PMMC) flaps are commonly used to reconstruct large chest wall defects. We report a case of large chest wall defect reconstruction using bilateral PMMC flaps augmented with axillary V-Y advancement rotation flaps for additional flap advancement. A 74-year-old male patient was operated on for recurrent glottic squamous cell carcinoma. Excision of the tumor resulted in a 10×10 cm defect in the anterior chest wall. Bilateral PMMC flaps were raised to cover the chest wall defect. For further flap advancement, V-Y rotation advancement flaps from both axillae were added to allow complete closure. All flaps survived completely, and postoperative shoulder abduction was not limited (100° on the right side and 92° on the left). Age-related skin redundancy in the axillae enabled the use of V-Y rotation advancement flaps without limitation of shoulder motion. Bilateral PMMC advancement flaps and the additional use of V-Y rotation advancement flaps from both axillae may be a useful reconstructive option for very large chest wall defects in older patients.

Reconstruction of microstomia considering their functional status

Background@#Microstomia is defined as a condition with a small sized-mouth that results in functional impairment such as difficulty with food intake, pronunciation, and poor oral hygiene and cosmetic problems. Several treatment methods for microstomia have been proposed. None of them are universally applicable. This study aims at analyzing the cases treated at our institution critically reviewing the pertinent literature. @*Methods@#The medical records of all microstomia patients treated in our hospital from November 2015 to April 2018 were reviewed retrospectively. Of these, all patients who received surgical treatment for microstomia were included in the study and analyzed for etiology, chief complaint, surgical method, and outcomes. The functional outcomes of mouth opening and intercommissure distance before and after the surgery were evaluated. The cosmetic results were assessed according to the patients’ satisfaction. @*Results@#Five patients with microstomia were corrected. Two cases were due to scar contracture after chemical burn, two cases derived from repeated excision of skin cancer, and one patient suffered sequela of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. The following surgical methods were applied: one full-thickness skin graft on the buccal mucosa, three buccal mucosal advancement flaps after triangular excision of the mouth corner, and one local buccal mucosal flap. Mouth opening was increased by 6.0 mm, and the intercommissure distance improved by 7.2 mm on average. Follow-up was 9.6 months (range, 5–14 months). Cosmetic assessment was as follows: two patients found the results excellent, three judged it as good. @*Conclusion@#Microstomia has several causes. In order to achieve optimal functional recovery and aesthetic improvement it is important to precisely evaluate the etiologic factors and the severity of the impairment and to carefully choose the appropriate surgical method.

Early surgical correction of microstomia followingStevens-Johnson syndrome

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) is a rare disease in which extensive toxic epidermolysis occursafter medication. Skin and mucous membranes are involved in about 90% of SJS cases, and webbingof mouth corners (microstomia) may occur when they are affected. Few reports have been issuedon microstomia in SJS, and no consensus has been reached regarding treatment methods,timings, or results. We encountered a case of microstomia following SJS after ofloxacin medicationin a 22-year-old woman treated by commissuroplasty using a lozenge-shaped excision. Wepresent an appropriate correction method and surgical timing for microstomia following SJS.

Unplanned change from double free flap to a chimeric anterolateral thigh flap in recurrent laryngeal cancer

Reconstruction method choice in recurrent head and neck cancer depends on surgical history, radiation therapy dosage, conditions of recipient vessels, and general patient condition. Furthermore, when defects are multiple or three dimensional in nature, reconstruction and flap choice aimed at rebuilding the functional structure of the head and neck are difficult. We experienced successful reconstruction of recurrent laryngeal cancer requiring reconstruction of esophageal and tracheostomy stroma defects using a chimeric two-skin anterolateral thigh flap with a single pedicle.

Donor-Site Morbidity after Partial Second Toe Pulp Free Flap for Fingertip Reconstruction

BACKGROUND: In this study, we characterize the morbidity at the donor-site of partial second toe pulp free flaps in terms of wound management as well as long-term outcomes. METHODS: A single-institutional retrospective review was performed for patients who had undergone partial second toe pulp free flap transfer to the fingertip. Patient charts were reviewed for infection, skin necrosis, wound dehiscence, and hematoma for the donor site. Additionally, a questionnaire survey was given to patients who had a follow-up of longer than 1 year to characterize long-term postoperative pain and appearance. RESULTS: The review identified a total of 246 cases. Early wound complications were significant for wound dehiscence (n=8) and hematoma (n=5) for a wound complication rate of 5.3%. The questionnaire was distributed to 109 patients, and 54 patients completed the survey. Out of these 54 patients, 15 patients continued to have donor-site pain (28%) at a mean follow-up period of 32.4 months. However, the pain intensity was relatively low in the range between 2 to 5, on a 0-10 scale. None of these patients felt this donor-site pain interfered significantly with daily activity, nor did any patient require pain medications of any type. Donor-site appearance was satisfactory to most patients. CONCLUSIONS: The partial second toe pulp flap was associated with low rates of wound complications and favorable long-term outcomes. Given the functional and aesthetic gain in the recipient finger, donor-site morbidities appear acceptable in this patient population. This study can be helpful in counseling patients regarding donor-site morbidity during the informed consent process.

The External Auricular Reconstruction with Inferior Based Retroauricular Flap Including the Posterior Auricular Artery

PURPOSE: The external ear is a common area of trauma on the body prone to exposure of ultraviolet light, which can lead to skin cancer. Thus, variable techniques have been developed and used for reconstruction of the external ear. The aim of this study is to review the surgical method, its area of application, as well as advantages and pitfalls of reconstruction of the external ear with inferior based retroauricular flaps. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight patients underwent external ear reconstruction with inferior based retroauricular flap for external ear defects in our institute from September 2012 to June 2015. According to the area of the defect, patients were classified as middle 1/3 (n=4), inferior 1/3 (n=2), superior auroculo-cephalic sulcus (n=1), and external auditory canal (n=1). RESULTS: All of the flaps survived the operation and there was no marginal necrosis. Mean size of the defect was 2.8×1.8 cm and mean size of the retroauricular flap was 5×2 cm. For insetting of the flap, a subcutaneous tunneling technique was used in 6 cases and rotation without subcutaneous tunneling was used in 2 cases. Transient paresthesia occurred in 3 cases. Two cases recovered within 3 months but one case did not recover until 6 months. CONCLUSION: The inferior based retroauricular flap is an available technique in external ear reconstruction with one stage operation.

Evaluation of the Forearm Dominancy Artery for Invasive Vascular Procedure with 3D-CT Angiography

The aim of this study was to evaluate the vascular dominance in the forearm as a factor in determining the choice of invasive vascular procedures in arteries of the forearm, using 3D-computerized tomography (3D-CT) angiographies of 92 forearms. The diameters of the ulnar and radial arteries were measured just distal to the bifurcation of the brachial artery, at the midpoint between the bifurcation and the wrist, and at the wrist crease. In 79 cases, the ulnar artery was larger than the radial artery after the bifurcation of the brachial artery. However, no statistically significant difference was observed at either the mid-forearm or the wrist crease. In the remaining 13 cases, the diameter of the radial artery was larger or the same as that of the ulnar artery after the bifurcation, but at the more distal sites no regular pattern could be detected. The findings suggest that 3D-CT angiography offers valuable preoperative details of the forearm vessels for cases requiring invasive vascular procedures on the forearm.

Fractional Photothermolysis of a Replanted Nose: A Case Report

Although several cases of successful reconstruction of complete nasal amputations have been reported, reconstruction of a traumatic amputated nose remains a challenge both aesthetically and functionally. Even if replantation of the nasal tip is successful, the scar on the nose may develop an irregular appearance, an ill-fitting contour, a trap door deformity, or discoloration. In the predominant nasal tip, these suboptimal results are very stressful for patient. There are no guidelines for both management and postoperative care of traumatic nasal amputation. At the completion of laser scar revision after successful replantation, we present an excellent aesthetic outcome using the 1,550-nm fractional erbium-glass laser (MOSAIC(R), Lutronic Co. Ltd, Seoul, Korea). Based on our experience, a microvascular replantation followed by fractional non-ablative laser therapy was not harmful and was available to maximize the aesthetic outcomes.

Reconstructive Trends in Post-Ablation Patients with Esophagus and Hypopharynx Defect

The main challenge in pharyngoesophageal reconstruction is the restoration of swallow and speech functions. The aim of this paper is to review the reconstructive options and associated complications for patients with head and neck cancer. A literature review was performed for pharynoesophagus reconstruction after ablative surgery of head and neck cancer for studies published between January 1980 to July 2015 and listed in the PubMed database. Search queries were made using a combination of 'esophagus' and 'free flap', 'microsurgical', or 'free tissue transfer'. The search query resulted in 123 studies, of which 33 studies were full text publications that met inclusion criteria. Further review into the reference of these 33 studies resulted in 15 additional studies to be included. The pharyngoesophagus reconstruction should be individualized for each patient and clinical context. Fasciocutaneous free flap and pedicled flap are effective for partial phayngoesophageal defect. Fasciocutaneous free flap and jejunal free flap are effective for circumferential defect. Pedicled flaps remain a safe option in the context of high surgical risk patients, presence of fistula. Among free flaps, anterolateral thigh free flap and jejunal free flap were associated with superior outcomes, when compared with radial forearm free flap. Speech function is reported to be better for the fasciocutaneous free flap than for the jejunal free flap.

Risk and Effectiveness of Using Thrombin in Microvascular Free Tissue Transfer

PURPOSE: Recent studies have reported on application of fibrin glue composed of fibrinogen and thrombin to nerve anastomosis, which can be another candidate for vessel anastomosis. However, no research regarding the risk and effectiveness of thrombin in microvascular free tissue transfer has been reported. Therefore, the aim of study is to determine the risk and effectiveness of thrombin on microvascular free tissue transfer through clinical cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients underwent free flap reconstruction for soft tissue defect or bone exposure in our institute from March 2011 to February 2014. In the group using thrombin, dissolved powder thrombin (5,000 IU/amp) was mixed with 10 mL normal saline. Saline mixed with thrombin was applied on the flap, recipient, and around vessel anastomosis. In the control group, free flap was performed using the same method, except using thrombin. We analyzed the results between the two groups. RESULTS: All flaps survived. The group using thrombin included 14 patients and the control group included 11 patients. Hematoma was found in two cases, respectively, in each group. The group using thrombin showed lower incidence of hematoma than the control group. No difference in survival rate of the flap was observed between the thrombin group and the control group. CONCLUSION: Results of this study showed that use of saline mixed with thrombin in free tissue transfer may be safe and effective for prevention of hematoma formation in the recipient site.

Normative Measurements of Grip and Pinch Strengths of 21st Century Korean Population

BACKGROUND: Measuring grip and pinch strength is an important part of hand injury evaluation. Currently, there are no standardized values of normal grip and pinch strength among the Korean population, and lack of such data prevents objective evaluation of post-surgical recovery in strength. This study was designed to establish the normal values of grip and pinch strength among the healthy Korean population and to identify any dependent variables affecting grip and pinch strength. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out. The inclusion criterion was being a healthy Korean person without a previous history of hand trauma. The grip strength was measured using a Jamar dynamometer. Pulp and key pinch strength were measured with a hydraulic pinch gauge. Intra-individual and inter-individual variations in these variables were analyzed in a standardized statistical manner. RESULTS: There were a total of 336 healthy participants between 13 and 77 years of age. As would be expected in any given population, the mean grip and pinch strength was greater in the right hand than the left. Male participants (137) showed mean strengths greater than female participants (199) when adjusted for age. Among the male participants, anthropometric variables correlated positively with grip strength, but no such correlations were identifiable in female participants in a statistically significant way. CONCLUSIONS: Objective measurements of hand strength are an important component of hand injury evaluation, and population-specific normative data are essential for clinical and research purposes. This study reports updated normative hand strengths of the South Korean population in the 21st century.

Comparative Study of Spiral Oblique Retinacular Ligament Reconstruction Techniques Using Either a Lateral Band or a Tendon Graft

BACKGROUND: In the management of mallet deformities, oblique retinacular ligament (ORL) reconstruction provides a mechanism for automatic distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint extension upon active proximal interphalangeal joint extension. The two variants of ORL reconstruction utilize either the lateral band or a free tendon graft. This study aims to compare these two surgical techniques and to assess any differences in functional outcome. As a secondary measure, the Mitek bone anchor and pull-in suture methods are compared. METHODS: A single-institutional retrospective review of ORL reconstruction was performed. The standard patient demographics, injury mechanism, type of ORL reconstruction, and pre/postoperative degree of extension lag were collected for the 27 cases identified. The cases were divided into lateral band (group A, n=15) and free tendon graft groups (group B, n=12). Group B was subdivided into the pull-in suture technique (B-I) and the Mitek bone anchor method (B-II). RESULTS: Overall, ORL reconstructions had improved the mean DIP extension lag by 10degrees (P=0.027). Neither the reconstructive technique choice nor bone fixation method identified any statistically meaningful difference in functional outcome (P=0.51 and P=0.83, respectively). Soft-tissue injury was associated with 30.8degrees of improvement in the extension lag. The most common complications were tendon adhesion and rupture. CONCLUSIONS: The choice of the ORL reconstructive technique or the bone anchor method did not influence the primary functional outcome of extension lag in this study. Both lateral band and free tendon graft ORL reconstructions are valid treatment methods in the management of chronic mallet deformity.

Thermal Burn in Patients with Replanted Fingers or Reconstructed Ones with Free Flap

PURPOSE: In order to rehabilitate patients with replanted fingers or reconstructed ones with free flap, the warm therapy is cost-effective, clean, and easy to use. However, the risk of thermal burn in patients with replanted fingers or reconstructed ones with free flap is not clearly identified yet and only few clinical prognosis exist. For that reason, this study was designed to evaluate the incidence, characteristics and risk factors of thermal burn in patients with replanted fingers or reconstructed ones with free flap. METHODS: We reviewed all the medical records of patients retrospectively, especially who showed clinically important thermal burn of replanted fingers or reconstructed ones with free flap from February 2010 to March 2011. RESULTS: 10 patients out of 370 with successfully replanted fingers or reconstructed ones with free flap presented clinically important thermal burn. (2.70% incidence). The causes of thermal burn were warm therapy (4 cases) and touching hot bowls such as a coffee cup, hot pot or hot grill (6 cases). Among them, 7 patients suffered superficial 2nd degree burn with bullae, 1 patient deep 2nd degree burn, 1 patient 4th degree burn and another 1, 1st degree burn with mild erythema. All of them except two cases were treated with conventional dressing with antibiotic ointment, while one was treated by skin graft and another one by 2nd toe pulp free flap. On the other hand, there were only 3 thermal burn cases among 7,010 patients who had undergone the hand surgeries other than replantation and free flap (0.04% incidence). And 2 were by warm therapy and 1 by hot pot. All of them were superficial 2nd degree burn with bullae and treated with conventional dressing with antibiotic ointment for about 1 week. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that patients with replanted fingers or reconstructed ones with free flap are more likely to have thermal burn than any other. Therefore we should be aware of the possibility of thermal burn for these patients, paying more attention to prevent it during the warm therapy and letting them always keep an appropriate distance from anything that can cause thermal burn.

Flexor Tenorrhaphy Using Absorbable Suture Materials

BACKGROUND: Nonabsorbable sutures are favorable for repairing flexor tendons. However, absorbable sutures have performed favorably in an animal model. METHODS: Two-strand sutures using the interlocking modified Kessler method with polydioxanone absorbable sutures 4-0 were used to repair completely ruptured flexor tendons in 55 fingers from 41 consecutive patients. The medical records of average 42 follow up weeks were analyzed retrospectively. The data analyzed using the chi-squared test, and Fisher's exact test was used for postoperative complications. The results were compared with those of other studies. RESULTS: Among the index, middle, ring, and little fingers were injured in 9, 17, 16, and 13 fingers, respectively. The injury levels varied from zone 1 to 5. Of the 55 digits in our study, there were 26 (47%) isolated flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) injuries and 29 (53%) combined FDP and with flexor digitorum superficialis injuries. Pulley repair was also conducted. Concomitant injuries of blood vessels and nerves were found in 17 patients (23 fingers); nerve injuries occurred in 5 patients (10 fingers). Two patients had ruptures (3.6%), and one patient had two adhesions (3.6%). Using the original Strickland criteria, all the patients were assessed to be excellent or good. Also, fibrosis and long-term foreign body tissue reactions such as stitch granuloma were less likely occurred in our study. Compared to the Cullen's report that used nonabsorbable sutures, there was no significant difference in the rupture or adhesion rates. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, this study suggests that appropriate absorbable core sutures can be used safely for flexor tendon repairs.

Ischemia Time up to 18 Hours Does not Affect Survival Rate of Replanted Finger Digits

PURPOSE: There are multiple dependent variables commonly attributed to survival of replanted digits. The ischemia time is thought to be a clinically relevant factor. However, controversy exists as large hand centers have reported successful replant outcomes independent of ischemic time. In this study, we present a single institution experience on the effect of ischemia time on the survival of completely amputated digits. METHODS: A retrospective review of a single institution experience was performed. This cohort included all comers who had suffered complete amputation of a digit (Zone 2-4) and underwent replantation from 2003 to 2009. Demographic information as well as injury mechanism, ischemic time, and replantation outcome were recorded for each patient. Chi-square was used to analyze the result. RESULTS: Mean age was 35.5 years old(2-69). Mean replantation survival was 89.5%(37/317). Survival rates were 94, 88, and 88% in respective groups of 0~6, 6~12, of >12 hours of ischemia time. In chi-square analysis, there was no difference with p value of 0.257. No other independent patient factors showed statistically significant relationship to replant survival rate. In the group with longest ischemia time(12~18 hours) replant survival rate was 88% (37/42). CONCLUSION: Prolonged ischemia time is commonly believed to be a contributing factor for replant survival. However, our experience has shown that survival rate is uniform up to 18 hours of ischemia.

A Modified Free Thenar Flap with Constant Innervations and Its Clinical Application

PURPOSE: A modified free thenar flap was designed for coverage of volar finger defect with constant innervation using the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve. After clinical application of this flap, sensory results were evaluated in 6 cases. METHODS: Patients were selected who have volar soft tissue defect with or without fingertip defect. The six cases of the innervated free thenar flap were performed since September 2009, and sensory outcomes were evaluated by the Semmes-Weinstein monofilament and two-point discriminator at four and half month after the surgery. RESULTS: The Semmes-Weinstein Monofilament test revealed 3 cases showed 2.83, 1 case showed 3.61, 1 case showed 4.31 and 1 case showed 4.56. The static two-point discrimination test revealed 1 case showed 4mm, 1 case showed 6mm, 2 cases showed 9mm, and 2 cases showed over 15mm. The moving two-point discrimination test revealed 1 case showed 3mm, 1 case showed 4mm, 1 case showed 5mm, 1 case showed 7mm, and 2 cases showed over 15mm. The donor sites showed no significant limitation of the thumb and neuroma formation. CONCLUSION: The innervated free thenar flap showed good sensory outcomes as a sensate free flap in a short time after surgery. It can be an option for coverage of volar finger defects that requires sensation.

A Comparative Study of Range of Motion With or Without Distal Interphalangeal Joint Fixation in Replantation of the Amputated Fingertips

PURPOSE: In the process of replantation of the amputated fingertips, the primary concern was given to survival of the amputees, while the functional aspect of digits after the surgery has been easily neglected. Although an internal fixation with a K-wire is often a part of replantation of the amputated fingertips, little consideration had been given to the study of relationship between distal interphalangeal joint fixation and post operative range of motion. A comparative study in relation to post operative range of motion was done on two different groups, one group with K-wire insertion and the other group without a K-wire insertion at the distal interphalangeal joint. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was done on the cases of a single digit amputation conducted at our institute (the age in the range of 10 to 60) in about four-year of time span from March of 2005 to March of 2009. The cases with a thumb replantation, osteomyelitis or articular surface injury have been excluded from this study. The cases of both head and shaft fracture, except the insertion site of tendon, of distal phalanx of internal fixation with a single K-wire were reviewed for this study. A group of 24 cases without distal interphalangeal joint fixation in comparison to a group of 22 cases with distal interphalangeal joint fixation was reviewed to assess the postoperative range of motion at distal interphalangeal joint on the 6th week after the surgery. And, on the 30th month after the surgery, a group of 10 cases without distal interphalangeal joint fixation in comparison to a group of 10 cases with joint fixation was reviewed. A K-wire was removed in about 5 weeks after the fracture was reunited under the radiographic image, immediately followed by a physical therapy. RESULT: The active range of motion for a group without interphalangeal joint fixation was measured 49.0degrees on average, while 28.6degrees was measured for a group with interphalengeal fixation on the 6th week after the surgery. On the 30th month after the surgery, the active range of motion was measured 52.0degrees and 55.0degrees on average for a group without and with interphalangeal fixation respectively. CONCLUSION: In the process of replantation of the amputated fingertips, short-term(on the 6th week) improvement of postoperative active motion of range can be expected in the cases without distal interphalangeal fixation in comparison to the cases of interphalangeal joint fixation with a K-wire. However, there seems to be no difference on motion of range in a long-term (on the 30th month) follow up period.

Replantation of Amputated Digits in Elderly Patients

PURPOSE: As the mean life expectancy of people has been prolonged, and the elderly people who participate in the production activities has been increasing, it is expected that the demand on the replantation of amputated digits in elderly patients would increase. But, there are few studies about the replantation of amputated digits in elderly patients. Therefore, we report treatment outcomes of replantation of amputated digits in elderly patients. METHODS: From 1998 to 2008, the replantation was performed in 51 completely amputated digits of 33 patients aged 60 years or older. We performed the replantation in the usual manner. Under the brachial plexus block, the surgical procedures carried out in the following sequence: internal fixation using Kirschner wire, tenorrhaphy, arteriorrhaphy, neurorrhaphy and venorrhaphy. If the arterial ends could not be approximated without tension, a vein graft was performed. RESULTS: Of a total of 51 digits, 46 digits (90%) survived. 13 patients (40%) had underlying medical problem preoperatively. But, in all the patients, there were no postoperative medical complications. As the postoperative surgical complications, excluding five cases of the total necrosis of digit, there were three cases of venous congestion, two cases of arterial insufficiency, seven cases of infection and 16 cases of partial necrosis. CONCLUSION: Age alone does not affect the survival of replanted digits. Type of injury is the most important factor that affects the survival of replanted digits.