Fabrication of potential macromolecular prodrugs of aspirin and diclofenac with dextran

Aspirin and diclofenac conjugates with dextran were synthesized as potential macromolecular prodrugs under homogeneous reaction conditions by using 4-methyl-benzenesulfonyl chloride as an acylating agent in the presence of triethylamine as a base. Highly pure conjugates with good yields were synthesized by this acylation method. All of the products were found soluble in aqueous medium as well as in dimethylsulfoxide and N, N-dimethylacetamide. The UV/Vis spectrophotometry has indicated the incorporation of drugs in conjugates and extent of substitution of drug onto dextran polymer. Covalent attachment of the drug onto the drug carrier polymer [dextran] was verified by [1]H NMR and Fourier transform infrared [FTIR] spectroscopic analysis. The prodrugs were analysed by powder X-ray diffraction [XRD] measurements. Phase changes were noticed by powder XRD for all macromolecular prodrugs indicating the change of state of matter towards more crystallinity. Therefore, fabricated macromolecular prodrugs are potential candidates to show better pharmacokinetic profile. All of the products were thoroughly characterized by using different spectroscopic techniques

Analysis of primary benign orbital lesions / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To study the pattern of presentation and to highlight the common causes of primary benign orbital lesions.of Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre Karachi from July 1997 to August 2001 and then from September 2001 to date (Continued) at the Department of Ophthalmology of Chandka Medical College & Hospital Larkana. Only patients with primary benign orbital lesions were included in this study. All the patients were admitted in eye ward from the out patients department. The diagnosis of the disease was based on the presentation, clinical examination, investigations and histopathology of excised mass. A total of 68 patients were included in this study. The age range was from 2 months to 60 years. Out of 68, 27 (39.7%) patients were male and 41 (60.3%) were female. The left orbit was involved in 35 (51.5%) and right orbit was involved in 33 (48.5%).revealed that superficial capillary hemangiomas of the eye lid were the most common lesion 26 (38.2%) followed by deep orbital cavernous hemangiomas 5 (7.4%), lymphangiomas 5 (7.4%), orbital varices 4 (5.9%), gliomas 7 (10.3%), meningiomas 5 (7.4%), neurofibromas 5 (7.4%), neurofibromatosis 4 (5.9%), schwannomas 2 (2.9%), and pleomorphic adenoma (benign mixed cell tumor) of lacrimal gland 5 (7.4%) cases.treatment can prevent the patient from visual and life threatening complications.

Visual outcome and complications after removal of posterior segment intraocular foreign bodies through pars plana approach

To assess the visual outcome and complications after removal of posterior segment retained intraocular foreign bodies through pars plana approach. Case series. Department of Ophthalmology, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, from May 2005 to May 2006. Fifty patients with history of ocular foreign body were admitted through outpatient department and emergency. History, visual acuity, ocular and general examination was done. The foreign body was localized with the radiograph of the skull and ultrasonography. Primary repair was done in patients with open wounds. Pars plana vitrectomy, magnetic or forceps extraction of foreign body was done as required visual outcomes and complications were noted. Among the 50 patients, there were 45 [90%] males and 5 [10%] females. Average age of the patients was 31.52 +/- 9.52 [ranging from 20 to 50] years. The pre-operatively visual acuity finger counting to perception of light was 78% cases. The best corrected final visual acuity was 6/6 in 1 [2%] patient, 6/9 in 5 [10%] patients, 6/12 in 5 [10%] patients, 6/18 in 3 [6%] patients, 6/24 and 6/36 in 4 [8%] patients each, 6/60 in 4 [8%] patients, finger counting in 8 [16%] patients, hand movement in 4 [8%] patients, projection of light in 9 [18%] patients and no projection of light in 3 [6%] patients. The postoperative complications were corneal opacity in 8 [16%] patients, anterior chamber inflammatory reaction in 6 [12%] patients, increased intraocular pressure in 1 [2%] patient, silicone oil in anterior chamber in 1 [2%] patient, macular scar in 7 [14%] patients, cystoid macular edema in 1 [2%] patient, endophthalmitis in 4 [8%] patients, retinal detachment in 11 [22%] patients and phthisis bulbi in 3 [6%] patients. Acceptable visual results were achieved after the removal of posterior segment intraocular foreign bodies by vitrectomy. However, multiple complications can be encountered which require meticulate postoperative care