Early childhood caries and its relationship with different risk factors in preschool children

To find the frequency/pattern of Early Childhood caries [ECC] and to find out the relationship of different risk factors with ECC. A cross sectional survey was conducted in both pediatric departments present in the dental hospitals of Peshawar, Pakistan from August 2013 to January 2014. All children with age range of 3- 6 years that visited pediatric department were selected. The diagnosis of ECC was solely based on clinical assessment. A parent or a caregiver was asked to complete a questionnaire regarding information about the child, their oral hygiene, demographics and feeding practices. The data was arranged categorically and analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Sciences [SPSS 16]. Chi Square test was used to calculate statistical significance set at <0.05. A total number of 320 children were selected. The Mean age of our sample was 4.2 +/- 1.14 years Majority of children were males [n=184, 57.5%] while females were [n=136, 42.5%]. The frequency of Early Childhood Caries was 85% [272]. Anterior teeth had more caries [n=139, 43.4%] than posterior and upper jaw teeth had more caries [n=171, 53.4%] than lower jaw. Feeding habits, Age, mother's age, adult supervision, and knowledge of parent were found to be significantly related with Early Childhood Caries [p<.005], while the gender and who applies the tooth paste were found not significant. There is a high occurrence of early child hood caries among children visiting dental hospitals in Peshawar. Anterior upper teeth are more prone to caries

frequency of gestational diabetes mellitus and associated risk factors at Khyber teaching hospital Peshawar

To find out the frequency of gestational diabetes among pregnant women at Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar and to explore associated risk factors. This cross sectional study was conducted at the department of Gynecology Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar from August 2013 to January 2014. All pregnant females who fulfill the selection criteria coming for their routine checkup after 24 weeks till 28 weeks were taken in our study by convenient sampling method. Informed consent was obtained from each patient and a questionnaire was administered by researcher herself. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 16. Association of gestational diabetes and risk factors was studied using chi-square test. A total of 190 pregnant women were included in our study. Frequency of patients diagnosed as gestational diabetes mellitus on the basis of GTT was 50[26.3%]. Risk factors included in the study were significantly associated with development of GDM age of patient [.00], body mass of index [.00], polycystic ovarian syndrome [.00], previous history of gestational diabetes mellitus [.00], previous history of macrocosmic baby [.00], and family history of diabe-tes mellitus [.00]. A quarter of the sample population was having GDM and the major risk factors associated with GDM were age of the patient, body mass index of the patient, polycystic ovarian syndrome, previous history of GDM, previous history of macrosomic baby, family history of diabetes

Gagne's 9 events of instruction - a time tested way to improve teaching

To demonstrate the effect of using Gagne's 9 events of instruction in teaching. Quasi experimental study. Armed Forces Institute of Radiology and Imaging, Rawalpindi, Pakistan and Armed Forces Postgraduate Medical Institute, Rawalpindi, Pakistan from May 2014 to Sep 2014. This two phased study consisted of 4 lectures in each phase. In Phase I conventional lectures were delivered without taking Gagne's 9 events of instruction into account while in Phase II lectures were based on these events. Learners' Approval Rate [LAR] was used as performance assessment tool for every lecture. LAR for every lecture was calculated, making use of a score assigned by the learners in a feedback proforma. Average LAR for each phase was also calculated. Data was presented in tabulated and graphical form and analyzed by 2-sample t-test with Minitab version 16. Lecture LAR in phase I of the study ranged from 57% to 66% with phase LAR of 60.7%. In phase II however a significant [p<0.05] rise in lecture LAR was seen ranging from 78% to 88% with phase LAR of 82.5% suggesting greater learners' approval and satisfaction after using Gagne's 9 events of instruction. A steady increase in LAR was also noted in phase II. Gagne's 9 events of instruction provide an important framework for teaching sessions which improves performance as a teacher and also ensures improved Learners' Approval Rate because of better understating and retention of knowledge

Trends in frequency and causes of uterine rupture in a tertiary care center between year 2001 and 2011

To analyze the trends in frequency and causes of uterine rupture between year 2001 and 2011. An observational study was done at Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar in year 2011 from 1[st] January 2011 to 31[st] December 2011 to analyze the trends in the frequency and causes of ruptured uterus and data was entered in a structured proforma. Same proforma was used to collect data of ruptured uterus in year 2001 from delivery registers, operation room record and patient charts. In year 2011 there were total 5313 deliveries including 1229 caesarean sections. Mean age was 35.0+2.0 years. Total 56 cases of ruptured uterus were noted. Frequency of ruptured uterus was 1.05%. Sixty% patients had previous caesarean section. While in year 2001 there ware total 3885 deliveries including 716 caesarean sections. Mean age was 33.0 +/- 2.0 years. Total 25 [0.64%] cases of ruptured uterus were noted. Obstructed labour in grand multigravidas was the commonest cause of ruptured uterus. A 3 fold increase in ruptured uterus was seen in association with scarred uterus i.e. in year 2001, 12% patient with ruptured uterus had scarred uterus while in year 2011, 35.7% cases had scarred uterus. Increase trend in frequency of uterine rupture was noted between year 2001 and year 2011. Moreover uterine rupture was more common in scarred uterus following trial of vaginal delivery compared with unscarred uterus in year 2011