Very high dose phenobarbital for refractory status epilepticus.

BACKGROUND: Refractory status epilepticus (RSE), defined as status epilepticus that fails to respond to first, second and third-line therapy. The RSE is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Treatment guidelines of RSE give a spectrum of options, such as, continuous intravenous (i.v.) midazolam (MDL), or continuous i.v. propofol (PRO) as alternatives to phenobarbital (PB) or continuous i.v. pentobarbital (PTB). OBJECTIVE: To study the efficacy of very-high-dose phenobarbital (VHDPB) for treatment RSE. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study MATERIAL AND METHOD: The authors collected and analyzed data from adult patients who were diagnosed with RSE. RESULTS: The authors present 10 patients with RSE who were treated with VHDPB. All of them were generalized convulsive status epilepticus (GCSE). Ages ranged from 16-86 years old (mean.: 43 years). PB dosage ranged 40-140 mg/kg/day (mean: 70 mg/kg/day). The duration of status epilepticus (SE) varied widely, ranged 1-44 days (mean: 7 days). PB level ranged 35.29-218.34 ug/mL (mean 88.1 ug/mL). RSE was controlled by VHDPB 70%, 30% were not controlled. ConclusioN: VHDPB were considered as alternative treatment for RSE.

Knowledge of epilepsy among teachers in Khon Kaen Province, Thailand.

INTRODUCTION: Epileptic patients face social stigmatization due to negative attitudes and incorrect knowledge on epilepsy. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate knowledge of epilepsy among teachers in Khon Kaen province. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A self-administered questionnaire distributed to 102 teachers who attended the training lectures on epilepsy. The number of correct responses for each item were collected. The statistical analysis included the percentage of correct response and the means of the total scores. RESULTS: Most (78.4%) respondents understood that a seizure is an abnormal electrical discharge in the brain, while 54.9% thought it included a form of abnormal movement and 1% demonic possession. The generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCs) was the type of seizure with which most respondents were familiar (90.2%), while 23.5% had knowledge of absence seizures. The respondents identified the following as causes for epilepsy: 1) head injury (84%); 2) genetic disease (74.5%); 3) high fever (68%); and, 4) brain tumor (57%). A small minority associated epilepsy with eating pork (11%) and even fewer (2%) with a non-organic/non-physical cause. Only 16% of respondents thought epilepsy was incurable, and a quarter (27%) of the teachers thought epileptics required anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) life long, while 20 and 9 percent believed patients would take AEDs for 3-6 months and only for episodes, respectively. About 57% of the teachers thought epileptics needed AEDs for 2-5 years. Most (77-79%) respondents thought epileptics were prohibited from using machinery or driving, and 63% thought alcohol would be prohibited. Almost two-thirds of the teachers (64%) thought they should try to place an object between the teeth of a person having an episode in order to prevent a biting injury to the tongue and 27% would restrain the person and perform chest compressions (CPR). The average total score for correct answers on the questionnaire was about 60% (29.26/50). Respondents generally understood that epilepsy is controllable (82%) and were able to identify a seizure (78.4%). The lowest scores were found in the section on identifying the types of seizures (37.8%). CONCLUSION: Teachers' knowledge of epilepsy was incomplete; thus, an epilepsy education campaign is needed and should emphasize the types of seizures, the causes of epilepsy, and management.