Study of Different Evapotranspiration Models under Polyhouse and Open Environment in Tarai Region of Uttarakhand

The average of mean monthly ET0 estimated under polyhouse by FAO PM (benchmark) model was 39.44 mm, but that of the FAO Penman, Hargreaves Stanghellini, Priestley-Taylor and FAO Radiation models were 38.37, 18.18, 37.80, 48.17 and 53.87 mm respectively. Whereas, the average of mean monthly ETo estimated under open environment by FAO PM (benchmark) model was 116.34 mm, but that of the FAO Penman, Hargreaves Stanghellini, Priestley-Taylor and FAO Radiation models were 119.33, 133, 126.41, 113.17 and 117.37 mm respectively. The FAO Penman and Hargreaves model are found to be most and least appropriate models for estimating daily ET0 under polyhouse. Whereas, FAO Radiation and Stanghellini model observed to be most and the least appropriate models in an open environment for estimating daily ET0 under polyhouse for the Pantnagar Tarai condition of Uttarakhand.

A comparative study of epidural 05% bupivacaine with nalbuphine and 05% bupivacaine with fentanyl in lower abdominal and lower limb surgeries

Background: Epidural opioids have unique advantages over conventional, intermittent IV/ IM administration, in that patients given epidural opioids have fewer respiratory complications and can be mobilized sooner in the postoperative period. Aim: To compare the effects of epidural 0.5%Bupivacaine with nalbuphine and 0.5% bupivacaine with fentanyl in lower abdominal and lower limb surgeries. Materials and methods: This prospective, randomized, single blind study, where in Epidural Nalbuphine (10 mg) with 0.5% bupivacaine and epidural fentanyl (50 g) with 0.5% bupivacaine in lower abdominal and lower limb surgeries. Results: There were statistically no significant difference between mean age, weight, gender, ASA grading, types of surgeries and baseline parameters in both groups. The duration of surgery and time of onset of sensory blockade, motor blockade and peak motor blockade were not statistically significant (p> 0.05). The duration of sensory blockade was highly significant (p < 0.01). Duration of motor blockade was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Mean heart rates in both the groups were significant only at 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th hours. Mean arterial pressures in both the groups were significant only at 3rd, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th hours. 30% of patients in group A had a pain score more than 4 during 6-12 hours of postoperative period as compared to 80% in group B. The pain scores were similar in both the groups in the first six hours of postoperative period. Number of rescue Nama Nagarjuna Chakravarthy, A Sagar, G. Venkateshwarlu. A comparative study of epidural 0.5% bupivacaine with nalbuphine and 0.5% bupivacaine with fentanyl in lower abdominal and lower limb surgeries. IAIM, 2018; 5(2): 124-134. Page 125 analgesics required in the first 24 hours of post-operative period in group B were significantly higher (p < 0.01) when compared with group A. 4 patients (13.2%) in Group B experienced respiratory depression which is significant statistically. Conclusions: Epidural Nalbuphine with 0.5%bupivacaine significantly prolongs the total duration of sensory blockade with better postoperative analgesia when compared to epidural fentanyl with 0.5%bupivacaine, with stable hemodynamics and less side effects.

A detailed approach on multiple myeloma and its treatment.

Multiple myeloma is a cancer formed by malignant plasma cells. Normal plasma cells are found in the bone marrow and are an important part of the immune system. The immune system is composed of several types of cells that work together to fight infections and other diseases. Lymphocytes are the main cell type of the immune system. There are 2 major types of lymphocytes: T cells and B cells. When B cells respond to an infection, they mature and change into plasma cells. Plasma cells make the antibodies that help the body attack and kill germs. Lymphocytes can be found in many areas of the body, such as lymph nodes, the bone marrow, the intestines, and the bloodstream. Plasma cells, however, are mainly found in the bone marrow. Bone marrow is the soft tissue inside some hollow bones. In addition to plasma cells, normal bone marrow has cells that make the different normal blood cells. When plasma cells become cancerous and grow out of control they can produce a tumor called a plasmacytoma. These tumors generally develop in a bone, but they are also rarely found in other tissues. If there is only a single plasma cell tumor, it is called an isolated plasmacytoma. When there is more than one plasma cell tumor, it is called ‘multiple myeloma’. There are lot of plasma cell abnormalities, but multiple myeloma causes severe bone pain, so here we covered detailed notes on the disease and its treatment strategies.

“Mouth dissolving tablets” an innovative technology.

Mouth dissolving tablets are disintegrating and dissolve rapidly in the saliva without the need for water. Some tablets are designed to dissolve in saliva remarkably fast, within a few seconds, and are true fast-dissolving tablets. Others contain agents to enhance the rate of tablet disintegration in the oral cavity, and are more appropriately termed fast-disintegrating tablets, as they may take up to a minute to completely disintegrate. Oral delivery is currently the gold standard in the pharmaceutical industry where it is regarded as the safest, most convenient and most economical method of drug delivery having the highest patient compliance. Fast- or mouth dissolving tablets have been formulated for pediatric, geriatric, and bedridden patients and for active patients who are busy and traveling and may not have access to water.

Leiomyosarcoma of the renal pelvis.

Leiomyosarcomas are rare malignant tumors of the kidney. They may arise from the renal capsule, renal vein, renal pelvic musculature or renal parenchyma. Renal pelvis is an uncommon site of occurrence, with around 10 cases reported in the literature so far. Here we present a 60-year-old male who presented with increased urinary frequency, lower limb weakness, anorexia and weight loss. Imaging showed a right renal mass. A renal cell carcinoma was suspected clinically. A right nephrectomy was performed, which showed a large circumscribed mass in the hilar region. Histology revealed a tumor mass arising from the renal pelvis. The tumor was composed of spindle cells arranged in fascicles. Immunohistochemistry showed tumor cells to be positive for smooth muscle actin (SMA) and desmin (Des) and negative for cytokeratin (CK), HMB 45, CD117 (C-kit), and CD34. That confirmed the diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma.

Leucopenia in the healthy Saudi Arabian population

The Saudi Arabian population has been reported to have a lower total leucocyte count compared with European and American populations. However, it appears to be confined to certain tribes or families only. Thirty-six adults from suspected tribes [AI-Harthi, AI-Zaharani, AI-Shehri, AI-Fifi, Al- Talhi and AI-Qatani] were studied for haematological parameters and compared with a comparable group from other tribes or families. The total leucocyte count in the suspected group was significantly lower compared with the control group mainly because of its lower neutrophil component. As the bone marrow examination performed in four members of the suspected group revealed no abnormality, neutropenia in these tribes or families is suggestive of benign familial neutropenia