Medicine prescription practices of homeopathic undergraduate students in West Bengal, India / 中西医结合学报

To our knowledge, prescription of homeopathic medicines by homeopathic undergraduate students has not been studied before though it may possess serious implications. We aimed to determine the practice and attitudes of prescription by homeopathic undergraduate students.

A survey exploring research perception of homeopathic undergraduate students in West Bengal, India

Background: Prioritizing undergraduate research is emphasized to develop critical analytical skills and thinking, independent writing, future clinical practice, enhanced employability, and improved research productivity. Despite far reaching consequences, research perception of homeopathic undergraduate students has barely been investigated to date. Poor participation of homeopathic undergraduates in research is reflected by a single MEDLINE indexed publication with adequate students’ contribution in the last decade. We aimed to assess their knowledge and attitude towards research and to identify barriers towards successful conduct of research. Methods: Institutional cross-sectional survey was carried out during August-September, 2013 in the four Government undergraduate homeopathic schools in West Bengal, India involving 902 participants. A semi-structured questionnaire was developed for the purpose depending on earlier studies on medical undergraduates. 364 completed responses were analyzed in the end. Results: Study sample mostly spanned 18-25 years of age group (94%), belonged to urban families (44.8%), with no gender differences (almost 1:1) and no physicians in family (73.1%). Maximum complete responses were obtained from 3rd year students (61.5%) and students of Calcutta Homeopathic Medical College and Hospital (51.2%). In spite of willingness to participate and keeping a positive attitude towards research, current involvement, training, knowledge and awareness remained quite unsatisfactory. Lack of infrastructure was identified as the chief barrier towards research. Conclusion: Undergraduates had a positive attitude towards homeopathic research, but need a realistic understanding of the research process. Opportunities for research skill development are underdeveloped.

Introdução: Estimular a pesquisa no nível de graduação é considerado um recurso importante para o desenvolvimento da capacidade de análise e pensamento críticos, redação independente, prática clínica futura, melhorar as possibilidades de inserção no mercado de trabalho e a produtividade em pesquisa. Apesar dessas consequências de amplo alcance, a percepção sobre pesquisa de estudantes de graduação em homeopatia tem sido raramente investigada. A escassa participação em pesquisas de estudantes de graduação em homeopatia é evidenciado pelo achado de um único trabalho indexado em MedLine com expressiva participação de estudantes nos últimos 10 anos. O nosso objetivo consistiu em avaliar o conhecimento e atitude em relação à pesquisa e identificar as barreiras que impedem o sucesso na realização de pesquisas. Métodos: Um estudo transversal foi realizado entre agosto e setembro de 2013 nas quatro faculdades públicas de homeopatia na Bengala Ocidental, Índia, com um total de 902 participantes. Um questionário semiestruturado foi desenvolvido especificamente para este estudo baseado nos resultados de estudos anteriores realizados com estudantes de medicina. Um total de 364 questionários completos foi incluído na análise. Resultados: A maioria dos participantes tinha entre 18 e 25 anos de idade (94%), residia em áreas urbanas (44.8%) e não incluía médicos na família (73,1%). A amostra apresentou homogeneidade em relação ao sexo (quase 1:1). O maior número de questionários completos correspondeu a estudantes do 3o ano (61,5%) e da Faculdade e Hospital Homeopático de Calcutá (51,2%) [...] Conclusão: Os estudantes manifestaram atitude positiva em relação à pesquisa em homeopatia, porém precisam adquirir uma compreensão mais realista do processo de pesquisa. As oportunidades para desenvolvimento de competências de pesquisa são muito escassas.

Understanding of biostatistics among the homeopathic fresh graduates and post-graduate trainees in West Bengal, India

Background: A basic understanding of biostatistics is essential, both for designing quality research and evaluating medical literature. We evaluated the understanding of biostatistics and interpretation of research results among homeopathic fresh graduates’ (House Staffs; HSs) and postgraduate trainees’ (PGTs) in West Bengal, India. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of homeopathic HSs and PGTs in the four government homeopathic schools in West Bengal, India, using a pre-tested, valid and reliable biostatistics multiple choice knowledge, confidence and attitude test questionnaire. Results: Internal consistency of the used questionnaires was acceptable (Cronbach’s á = 0.611 – 0.672). Response rate was only 55.6%. Research journal reading habit was seriously lacking. No one had ever taken any research courses or possessed any advanced degrees or diplomas. The overall mean% correct on statistical knowledge was very poor, 1.0% (95% CI 0.1 – 1.9%) vs. 10.0% (95% CI 8.6 – 11.6%) for HSs and PGTs (P < 0.0001). Comparatively, higher knowledge scores were found in respondents from Mahesh Bhattacharyya Homeopathic Medical College and Hospital (P = 0.003). No one could interpret an unadjusted odds ratio, Kaplan-Meier analysis results, and determine strength of evidence for risk factors. Percentages of correct answers for all other knowledge-based questions ranged between only 2.7 – 9.5%. Respondents’ self-assessed confidence in ability to understand biostatistics ranged between 41 – 60%. Positive attitude towards biostatistics was elicited in 16 – 63% respondents. Conclusions: The respondents seriously lacked knowledge in biostatistics needed to interpret research results. Training programs needs to undergo massive and immediate transformation to include more effective biostatistics training in curricula to encourage meaningful research.

Characterization of pseudogenes in members of the order Frankineae.

Pseudogenes are defined as non-functional relatives of genes whose protein-coding abilities are lost and are no longer expressed within cells. They are an outcome of accumulation of mutations within a gene whose end product is not essential for survival. Proper investigation of the procedure of pseudogenization is relevant for estimating occurrence of duplications in genomes. Frankineae houses an interesting group of microorganisms, carving a niche in the microbial world. This study was undertaken with the objective of determining the abundance of pseudogenes, understanding strength of purifying selection, investigating evidence of pseudogene expression, and analysing their molecular nature, their origin, evolution and deterioration patterns amongst domain families. Investigation revealed the occurrence of 956 core pFAM families sharing common characteristics indicating co-evolution. WD40, Rve_3, DDE_Tnp_IS240 and phage integrase core domains are larger families, having more pseudogenes, signifying a probability of harmful foreign genes being disabled within transposable elements. High selective pressure depicted that gene families rapidly duplicating and evolving undoubtedly facilitated creation of a number of pseudogenes in Frankineae. Codon usage analysis between protein-coding genes and pseudogenes indicated a wide degree of variation with respect to different factors. Moreover, the majority of pseudogenes were under the effect of purifying selection. Frankineae pseudogenes were under stronger selective constraints, indicating that they were functional for a very long time and became pseudogenes abruptly. The origin and deterioration of pseudogenes has been attributed to selection and mutational pressure acting upon sequences for adapting to stressed soil environments.