When to operate and abdominal gunshot wounds

Violence has become part and parcel of the daily routine of living, the prospective study of 86 patients, sustaining abdominal gunshot wounds was designed to evaluate the pattern, presentation and treatment outcome. Descriptive study. This study was conducted at the department of Surgery, Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Sukkur from January 2011 to January 2012. patients presenting with abdominal firearm wounds at accident and emergency department were included in this study, clinically all were evaluated, resuscitated and their findings were recorded on proforma. Patients with signs of acute abdomen [peritonitis]/ shock underwent midline emergency laparotomy, others having minimal or equivocal abdominal signs were selected for observation [non-operative management] group. Total number of patients included was 86, all were males, they belonged to age varying from 15-70 years. 54 [62.8%] were below the 40 years of age, in 44 [51.1%] cases instrument of attack used by assailant was pistol/shotgun, 45[52.3%] cases were victims of armed robbery, in 75 [87.2%] entrance wounds were present in anterior abdominal wall where as in 11[12.1%] were present posterirly, 67 [77.9%] underwent emergency laparotomy and 19 [22%] were observed initially. Two patients belonging to observation group showed failure, needed delayed laparotomy and both had positive laparotomy. Gunshot wounds of abdomen can be safely managed non-operatively, in the absence of abdominal tenderness haemodynamic instability or inevaluable factors as head injury and heavy intoxication. Success of non operative management depends upon continuous monitoring and frequent clinical examination

Dental caries; frequency and determinants among patients attending dental out patient department in Bahawalpur Victoria hospital Bahawalpur

To find out the prevalence and determinants of dental carries among patients attending dental OPD. Design: Descriptive Cross sectional study. Dental out Patient Department, Bahawal Victoria Hospital and period was August till November, 2010. Data was collected with the help of predesigned Questionnaire. A Convenient sample of 05 eligible respondents was examined on daily basis till completion of sample size. Caries was assessed by using DMFT scale. Analysis of data was carried out with the help of computer SPSS version 11. Chi square test was used to see the association between different variables,[brushing at night, daily brushing, sugar rich food]. The level of significance was taken as p<.05. Among study population [52%] were male and [53%] were urban dwellers.. Dental caries was present in 97% of the patients and DMFT Score increased with increase in age. Commonly associated habits [with carries] included lack of daily brushing of teeth [P<.01], lack of brushing at night [p<.001], and daily intake of sweets [p<.005]. Frequency of dental caries was high with advancing age. There was significant relationship with oral Hygiene, Sugar rich food and dental caries

Dental caries; frequency and determinants among patients attending dental out patient department in Bahawal Victoria hospital Bahawalpur

To find out the prevalence and determinants of dental caries among patients attending dental OPD. Descriptive Cross sectional study. Dental out Patient Department, Bahawal Victoria Hospital and period was August till November, 2010. Data was collected with the help of predesigned Questionnaire. A Convenient sample of 05 eligible respondents was examined on daily basis till completion of sample size. Caries was assessed by using DMFT scale. Analysis of data was carried out with the help of computer SPSS version 11. Chi square test was used to see the association between different variables,[brushing at night, daily brushing, sugary food intake] define the variables. The level of significance was taken as p<.05. Among study population [52%] were male and [53%] were urban dwellers. Dental caries was present in 97% of the patients and DMFT Score increased with increase in age. Commonly associated habits [with carries] included lack of daily brushing of teeth [P<.01], lack of brushing at night [p<.001], and daily intake of sweets [p<.005]. Frequency of dental caries was high with advancing age. Significant relationship of Dental Caries was found with oral hygiene and surgery foods

Effect of women empowerment on their fertility behaviour

The objective of the study was to: [1] find out the association between women empowerment and number of children, [2] evaluate any association between women empowerment and use of contraceptives. A cross sectional study. The study was conducted in selected areas of Bahawalpur City. The data was collected from March to June 2003. A total number of 872 households were selected by systematic random selection from upper, middle and lower class. Data was collected from eligible respondent [currently married women of reproductive age group 15-49 year having at least one child of 3 years age] through a pre-designed questionnaire. Independent variable empowerment of women was calculated by giving score to education, occupation and autonomy at micro level. Dependent variables [fertility and use of contraception] were assessed for significance by applying chi square test. 41.9% high empowered women were in the opinion that birth of a male child did not provide security [p < .001]. A strong positive association between level of empowerment and contraception use [p < .001]. There is negative association between women empowerment and number of children [p < .001]. Efforts should be made to change the attitude of men that empowering woman is ultimately empowering the whole family