RESUMO
The aim of this study is to explore the presence of antimicrobial bioactive agents in the foot muscle extracts of snails belonging to genus Physa and Ceciloides. Antibacterial activity of foot extracts belonging to species named as P. fontinalis, P. gyrina, P. acuta, C. acicula, C. eulima, C. petitiana, was checked and compared against three bacterial strains i.e. E.coli, P. auroginosa, S. aureus by using disc diffusion method. The results were highly significant with maximum zone of inhibition of 20.10 mm in the P. fontinalis acetone extract and the least was 12.97 mm of C. eulima diethyl ether extract. The microdilution method was employed to observe MIC to evaluate antimicrobial resistance pattern of snails foot muscle extract against three mentioned strains. MIC of foot extracts was ranging from 0.03ug/ml-5 ug/ml for six species. TLC was carried out for profiling of extracts with positive results. Foot extracts from species of both genera eluted in different fractions of compounds with a good resolution in 100% n-hexane and ethyl acetate each. The plates developed in solvent system showed purple and yellow spots indicating the presence proteins and organic compounds showing it a promising canditadate for the therapeutic purposes
RESUMO
Reproductive health is concerned with the people's ability to have a satisfying and safe sex life ensuring their capability to reproduce with a liberty of making a decision that if, when and how often they have to do so. [1] To examine the females perceptions, attitude and practices about reproductive health services. [2] To determine the level of their empowerment to take decisions and make choices regarding their own reproductive health. [3] To determine the level of the quality, availability and accessibility of reproductive health services and to suggest some measures for policy makers to improve the reproductive health state of young mothers in district Faisalabad. A sample of 600 young married females of age 15-32 years were selected through multistage sampling technique. 2009. Rural and urban area of District Faisalabad. Uni-variate [frequency distribution and percentage] and Bi-variate analysis [Chi square and Gamma Statistics] was carried out. Most [44.0%] of the respondents belonged to age category of 26-30 years; 35.5% were married up to 18 years; 39.3% had passed up to 5 years marriage duration; 71.8% had primary and above level of education. Majority [65.9%] had up to Rs.10,000 per month income, 49.2% possessed 6-10 family members, 73.5% beard at least 2 and above live children, 74.0% perceived family planning good,79.7% had knowledge of FP and 26.0% practiced FPM [Family Planning Method]. The most common FPMs were condom [33.3%] and tubectomy [21.8%] while 41.0% faced side effect because of FPM during their reproductive life. A huge majority [79.8%] of the respondents received ANC, 87.8% made regular visits for medical checkup and 48.8% got ANC from Pvt. Hospital during last pregnancy. Bi-variate analysis showed highly significant relation among age at marriage, awareness level, monthly income, education, number of pregnancies, number of children, number of visits to medical centre, availability of RH services, cultural hindrance and age of respondents vs. their reproductive health. Although most of the females were young and educated mothers with good reproductive health experience and perceived FM good but still lacking in practicing FMPs which indicates that we need to pay more attention towards female empowerment and decision making authority status at domestic level
RESUMO
Reproductive health is concerned with the people's ability to have a satisfying and safe sex life ensuring their capability to reproduce with a liberty of making a decision that if, when and how often they have to do so. In Pakistan, culturally females are married at a young age; become mothers and are at risk of health complications i.e. HIV/ STD and STI. There is less utilization of reproductive health services throughout Pakistan that ultimately affects health status of people at very young age. Most of the communities are not aware of reproductive health services, thus not availing these facilities. So the present study was designed to examine the females perceptions, attitude and practices about reproductive health services as well as to determine the level of their empowerment to take decisions and make choices regarding their own reproductive health besides determining the level of the quality, availability and accessibility of reproductive health services and to suggest some measures for policy makers to improve the reproductive health state of young mothers in district Faisalabad. A sample of 600 young married females of age 15-32 years was selected through multistage sampling technique. 2009. Rural and urban area of District Faisalabad. Uni-variate [frequency distribution and percentage] and Bi-variate analysis [Chi square and Gamma Statistics] was carried out. Most [44.0%] of the respondents belonged to age category of 26-30 years; 35.5% were married for 18 years; 39.3% had been married for 5 years; 71.8% had primary and above level of education. Majority [65.9%] had up to Rs.10,000 per month income, 49.2% possessed 6-10 family members, 73.5% had at least 2 and above live children. Majority had the knowledge of reproductive health [67.7%] and HIV/AIDs [54.7%] whereas most of females had no knowledge of STIs [69.8%], RTIs [52.3%] and its development [51.8%]. Most of the females experienced headache [62.8%], swelling of different body parts [61%] and back pain [62.7%] during their reproductive life. Bi-variate analysis showed highly significant relation among age at marriage, number of children, cultural hindrance and age of respondents vs. their reproductive health. Although most of the females were young and educated mothers with good reproductive health experience but still lacking in knowledge about STIs, HIV/AIDS, RTIs and breast cancer that is because of cultural hindrance, early age marriage pattern and male dominancy which indicates that we need to pay more attention towards female education and empowerment and decision making authority status at domestic level through community mobilization with the help of NGOs, Religious scholars and existing health system/ Health personnel's .i.e. doctors/ nurses /LHV/FHW
RESUMO
Livestock production is of paramount importance in minimizing the vulnerability of poor and marginalized people in remote rural areas. Women play an active role in managing and care taking of the herd by participating in different activities of livestock management. The growing population is exerting pressure on all the resources and in future, it is expected that the livestock demand will also increase for fulfilling the demands of masses. Due to women's crucial role in livestock management activities, they are more susceptible to zoonotic diseases. The zoonotic diseases are becoming a threat by becoming responsible for the death of 2.2 million people every year and majority of the victims belong to developing countries. To find out health related issues while participating in livestock management activities. Survey. 2011-2012. the present study was conducted in rural areas of district Toba Tek Singh. One Union Council [UC] and three villages from the selected UC were selected by using simple random sampling technique. The sample size of the study was 120 respondents of rural females having forty respondents from each village. The study revealed that majority of the respondents was involved in grazing and fodder cutting activities and they are satisfied with their role. It was also noted that the highly educated respondents were more secure from diseases than that of less educated and illiterate respondents. It is the sole responsibility of the government and public sector department to run campaign regarding livestock diseases to whom human are susceptible so that the risks regarding this situation may be minimized