RESUMO
Objective:To gather the fragmented literature on ethnobotany, phytochemistry and in-vitro activities of medicinal plants of Pakistan being used against common infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus).Methods:A large number of published and unpublished research studies related to the ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and anti-S. aureus activity of medicinal flora of Pakistan published from 1990-2018 were reviewed using online bibliographic databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, ResearchGate and libraries.Results:S. aureus can cause many human ailments including endocarditis, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, septic arthritis, respiratory problems with an estimated infection rate of 25%-35% across the globe. This review comprised of 86 medicinal plants. Data showed that people mostly used leaves (50%) for the preparation of traditional medicines. Correlation analysis on the reviewed data revealed that methanolic extract concentrations of medicinal plants was highly significantly positive correlated (r=0.8; P<0.01) with the S. aureus zone of inhibitions. S. aureus reportedly showed complete resistant to the commonly used antibiotic erythromycin. Isolated compounds like altheahexacosanyl lactone, cinnamaldehyde, niloticane, gobicusin A, asparacosin A, muzanzagenin, isoagatharesinol, friedelin, inophynone and eugenol were active against S. aureus. This study provided in-vitro proof for the flora of Pakistan used against different infections caused by S. aureus.Conclusions:Antibacterial agents from natural sources could be more effective against bacterial pathogens and will be helpful in minimizing the adverse effects of synthetic drugs, and hence provides a base for the pharmaceutical industries.
RESUMO
Objective: To gather the fragmented literature on ethnobotany, phytochemistry and in-vitro activities of medicinal plants of Pakistan being used against common infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Methods: A large number of published and unpublished research studies related to the ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and anti-S. aureus activity of medicinal flora of Pakistan published from 1990-2018 were reviewed using online bibliographic databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, ResearchGate and libraries. Results: S. aureus can cause many human ailments including endocarditis, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, septic arthritis, respiratory problems with an estimated infection rate of 25%-35% across the globe. This review comprised of 86 medicinal plants. Data showed that people mostly used leaves (50%) for the preparation of traditional medicines. Correlation analysis on the reviewed data revealed that methanolic extract concentrations of medicinal plants was highly significantly positive correlated (r=0.8; P<0.01) with the S. aureus zone of inhibitions. S. aureus reportedly showed complete resistant to the commonly used antibiotic erythromycin. Isolated compounds like altheahexacosanyl lactone, cinnamaldehyde, niloticane, gobicusin A, asparacosin A, muzanzagenin, isoagatharesinol, friedelin, inophynone and eugenol were active against S. aureus. This study provided in-vitro proof for the flora of Pakistan used against different infections caused by S. aureus. Conclusions: Antibacterial agents from natural sources could be more effective against bacterial pathogens and will be helpful in minimizing the adverse effects of synthetic drugs, and hence provides a base for the pharmaceutical industries. http://www.apjtm.org/article.asp?issn=1995-7645;year=2018;volume=11;issue=6;spage=355;epage=368;aulast=Adnan;type=2.
RESUMO
Medicinal plants have been used from ancient time against different infectious diseases caused by microorganisms across the globe. The present review represents different medicinal plants of Pakistan used traditionally for the treatment of variety of ailments caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, their in-vitro activities against/! aeruginosa and phytochemistry. These plants were extracted with different solvents that showed good in-vitro activities against P. aeruginosa, due to the presence of active phytoconstituents including alkaloids, terpenoids etc. Among all the solvents used for extraction process, alcoholic extracts were mostly preferred in Pakistan. However, non-alcoholic solvents like ethyl acetate and chloroform also showed good anti-P aeruginosa activities. Statistically, increase in concentration [mg/ml] of ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts significantly increase [p=0.000 and p= 0.046] inhibitory activity against P. aeruginosa. This review provides scientific validation of the traditional knowledge in using medicinal plants for the treatment of different diseases caused by this bacterium. Reported Pakistani medicinal plants contain variety of phytochemical compounds that could be very useful in the production of new drugs with fewer side effects on living system compared to some allopathic drugs. This review also provides baseline information for future research studies on the phytochemistry of unexplored plants. Further research studies should be carried out on non-alcoholic extracts that could be helpful in the extraction new compounds, which could lead to the development of some novel drugs in the pharmaceutical industries of Pakistan