Síndrome de Budd-Chiari de aparición en el puerperio: reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Case report and literature review of Budd-Chiari syndrome during the puerperium

Resumen El síndrome de Budd-Chiari es una entidad definida como la obstrucción al flujo sanguíneo en el tracto de salida hepático. Esta obstrucción se puede localizar desde las pequeñas venas hepáticas hasta la entrada de la vena cava inferior a la aurícula derecha. En la mayoría de los casos, se ocasiona por una trombosis endoluminal conocida como Budd-Chiari primario y secundario, cuando ocurre por una compresión extrínseca asociada a las lesiones que ocupan espacio como malignidad. Por tanto, los estados trombofílicos hereditarios se conocen como los principales factores de riesgo. El embarazo y el puerperio, al ser estados hipercoagulables, se pueden asociar al síndrome de Budd-Chiari, sin embargo, la prevalencia reportada en la literatura es muy variable dependiendo de la población estudiada. En Colombia no hay estudios de incidencia o prevalencia de la enfermedad; existen varios reportes de caso, pero no relacionados con el embarazo. Reportamos el caso de una paciente, que 12 semanas posparto presentó un síndrome de Budd-Chiari; además presentamos el manejo ofrecido, la evolución clínica y una revisión de la literatura de los casos asociados con el embarazo.

Abstract Budd-Chiari syndrome is defined as obstruction of hepatic blood outflow. This obstruction can be located anywhere from the small hepatic veins at the entrance of the inferior vena cava to the right atrium. Most cases are primary Budd-Chiari syndrome which is caused by endoluminal thrombosis. Secondary Budd-Chiari syndrome occurs as the result of extrinsic compression associated with space-occupying lesions such as malignant tumors. Hereditary thrombophilic states are the main risk factors, but since pregnancy and the puerperium are hypercoagulable states, they can be associated with Budd-Chiari syndrome. Nevertheless, the prevalence of this type of case in the literature varies according to the population studied. There have been no studies on the incidence or prevalence of this disease in Colombia. The small number of case reports here have not been related to pregnancy. We report the case of a patient who developed Budd-Chiari syndrome 12 weeks postpartum. Our report includes management and clinical evolution as well as a review of the literature of cases associated with pregnancy.

Comparación de la dosis estimada en Recto y Vejiga con planificación de Braquiterapia 3D vs 2D / Comparison of the estimated dose in the Rectum and Bladder with 3D versus 2D brachytherapy planning

Introducción: En el tratamiento del Cáncer Cervico Uterino la braquiterapia (BQT) con planificación tridimensional (3D) está altamente extendida, aunque por su costo otros centros utilizan BQT con planificación bidimensional (2D). Es importante establecer si el beneficio que se obtiene con BQT en 3 D, en la protección a los órganos de riesgo, es un factor determinante para el cambio hacia esta nueva tecnología. El objetivo del estudio es comparar las dosis en ambos tipos de BQT en los órganos adyacentes al útero como el colon y vejiga. Métodos: El presente estudio descriptivo, incluye pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer de cuello uterino que recibieron BQT en el período comprendido de enero 2015 a diciembre 2018, en el servicio Radioterapia del Hospital Solón Espinosa Ayala, Quito-Ecuador. Las variables fueron la dosis recibida con planificaciones en 2D y 3D. Se obtuvo histogramas dosis volumen de los órganos de riesgo: recto y vejiga. Se comparan los promedios con T de Student. Resultados: Participaron 44 casos, de 50.6 ±13.8 años de edad. En estadío clínico IIB 24 casos (55 %). La dosis prescrita de BQT en el grupo fue de 683.6 ±27 cGY. El tipo de aplicador usado fue en la gran mayoría AyT de 5 mm en 34 casos (77 %). La mayoría de los tratamientos consistieron en terapias de 4 sesiones 32 casos (73 %), con 117 implantes para BQT. La dosis planificada en vejiga en 2D fue 5.5 Gy, versus 5.1 Gy en 3D, P= 0.01. La dosis planificada en recto en 2D fue 2.8 Gy; versus 3.0 Gy en 3D P= 0.06. Conclusión: La planificación en 3D reduce significativamente 0.4 Gy la dosis irradiada a vejiga. En el caso del recto la dosis la dosis no produce cambios estadísticos respecto a planificación en 2D.

Introduction: In the treatment of Uterine Cervical Cancer brachytherapy (BQT) with three-dimensional planning (3D) is highly widespread, although for its cost other centers use BQT with two-dimensional planning (2D). It is important to establish if the benefit obtained with BQT in 3 D, in the protection of risk organs, is a determining factor for the change towards this new technology. The aim of the study is to compare the doses in both types of BQT in the organs adjacent to the uterus such as the colon and bladder. Methods: The present descriptive study includes patients diagnosed with cervical cancer who received BQT in the period from January 2015 to December 2018, in the Radiotherapy service of the Hospital Solón Espinosa Ayala, Quito-Ecuador. The variables were the dose received with 2D and 3D plans. Histograms were obtained volume volume of the organs at risk: rectum and bladder. The averages are compared with Student's T. Results: There were 44 cases, of 50.6 ± 13.8 years of age. In clinical stage IIB 24 cases (55%). The prescribed dose of BQT in the group was 683.6 ± 27 cGY. The type of applicator used was in the great majority AyT of 5 mm in 34 cases (77%). The majority of treatments consisted of therapies of 4 sessions 32 cases (73%), with 117 implants for BQT. The planned dose in 2D bladder was 5.5 Gy, versus 5.1 Gy in 3D, P = 0.01. The planned dose in rectum in 2D was 2.8 Gy; versus 3.0 Gy in 3D P = 0.06). Conclusion: 3D planning significantly reduces 0.4 Gy the dose irradiated to the bladder. In the case of the rectum, the dose does not produce statistical changes with respect to 2D planning.

Environmental and socioeconomic analysis of malaria transmission in the Brazilian Amazon, 2010-2015

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the environmental and socioeconomic risk factors of malaria transmission at municipality level, from 2010 to 2015, in the Brazilian Amazon. METHODS The municipalities were stratified into high, moderate, and low transmission based on the annual parasite incidence. A multinomial logistic regression that compared low with medium transmission and low with high transmission was performed. For each category, three models were analyzed: one only with socioeconomic risk factors (Gini index, illiteracy, number of mines and indigenous areas); a second with the environmental factors (forest coverage and length of the wet season); and a third with all covariates (full model). RESULTS The full model showed the best performance. The most important risks factors for high transmission were Gini index, length of the wet season and illiteracy, OR 2.06 (95%CI 1.19-3.56), 1.73 (95%CI 1.19-2.51) and 1.10 (95%CI 1.03-1.17), respectively. The medium transmission showed a weaker influence of the risk factors, being illiteracy, forest coverage and indigenous areas statistically significant but with marginal influence. CONCLUSIONS As a disease of poverty, the reduction in wealth inequalities and, therefore, health inequalities, could reduce the transmission considerably. Besides, environmental risk factors as length of the wet season should be considered in the planning, prevention and control. Municipality-level and fine-scale analysis should be done together to improve the knowledge of the local dynamics of transmission.

Necrobiosis séptica de un fibroma uterino / Septic Necrobiosis of Uterine Fibroma

Los miomas o fibromas, son tumores benignos que aparecen frecuentemente en el útero, y aunque a veces pueden ser asintomáticos, en muchas mujeres son la razón más común de las intervenciones ginecológicas. Algunos autores consideran que la causa es desconocida, otros le dan valor al estímulo estrogénico mantenido o aumentado, que activa los genitoblastos, mesodérmico y celular embrionario que responden a este estímulo. Se presenta el caso de un fibroma uterino complicado con una necrobiosis séptica diagnosticada en una paciente de 63 años de edad. El apoyo diagnóstico con ultrasonografía es de vital importancia en la sospecha diagnóstica de este tipo tumor y sus complicaciones.

Myomas or fibroids are benign tumors that frequently appear in the uterus, and although they can sometimes be asymptomatic, in many women they are the most common reason for gynecological interventions. Some authors consider that the cause is unknown. Others give value to the maintained or increased estrogenic stimulus, which activates the embryonic cell, mesodermal and genitoblasts that respond to this stimulus. We present the case of a complicated uterine fibroid with a septic necrobiosis diagnosed in a 63-year-old patient. Ultrasonography is of vital importance in the diagnosis when there is suspicion of this type of tumor and its complications.

El papel de los flujos interregionales en la diseminación de epidemias de dengue en una ciudad de clima tropical / The role of inter-regional flows in the spread of epidemics in a city of regional influence with a tropical climate

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar el origen de los casos importados de dengue en la ciudad de Araraquara, Brasil y describir las principales características epidemiológicas. El estudio abarcó todos los casos confirmados de dengue registrados en el Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Notificación (SINAN) [Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação] de 1998-2013. Se consideraron como casos importados aquellos cuyo lugar de origen de infección se ubicara fuera de Araraquara. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de la distribución de los casos por género, edad y clasificación de casos importados y autóctonos. Se utilizó un sistema de información geográfica para mapear los flujos y estimar las distancias de los puntos de contagio. Se incluyeron 6.913 casos confirmados, de los cuales 419 fueron importados. En la mayoría de estos casos, el origen de infección se ubicó en el estado de San Pablo, además de otras regiones brasileñas. Los resultados indican la relevancia de los casos importados y diferencias en el perfil epidemiológico por edad y sexo. Las conclusiones indican la necesidad de aumentar la vigilancia epidemiológica y de salud ambiental en los puertos, aeropuertos, paradas de camiones y terminales de buses y trenes.

ABSTRACT The aim of this research was to investigate the origin of imported cases of dengue in the city of Araraquara, Brazil and to describe the disease's main epidemiological characteristics. The study encompassed all confirmed cases of dengue recorded in the Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SINAN) [Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação] from 1998 to 2013. Cases whose origin of infection was likely located outside Araraquara were considered imported. The epidemiological study entailed a descriptive analysis of the data, regarding the distribution of cases by sex, age, and classification of imported and autochthonous cases. A geographic information system was used to map flows and estimate distances. There were 6,913 confirmed cases, 419 of which were imported. In most cases, the origin of infection was located in the state of São Paulo as well as other Brazilian regions. The results indicate the relevance of imported cases and differences in the epidemiological profile with respect to age and sex. Conclusions indicate the need to increase epidemiological and environmental health surveillance at ports, airports, truck stops, and bus and train terminals.

Developing an academia-based public health observatory: the new global public health observatory with emphasis on urban health at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health / O desenvolvimento de um observatório de saúde com base na academia: o novo observatório de saúde pública com ênfase na saúde urbana na Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health / El desarrollo de un observatorio de salud basado en la academia: el nuevo observatorio de salud pública con énfasis en la salud urbana en la Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health

Abstract Health observatories may differ according to their mission, institutional setting, topical emphasis or geographic coverage. This paper discusses the development of a new urban-focused health observatory, and its operational research and training infrastructure under the academic umbrella of the Department of Epidemiology and the Institute of Urban Health at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (BSPH) in Baltimore, USA. Recognizing the higher education mission of the BSPH, the development of a new professional training in public health was an important first step for the development of this observatory. This new academia-based observatory is an innovative public health research and training platform offering faculty, investigators, professional epidemiology students and research partners a physical and methodological infrastructure for their operational research and training activities with both a local urban focus and a global reach. The concept of a public health observatory and its role in addressing social health inequalities in local urban settings is discussed.

Resumo Os observatórios de saúde podem se diferenciar de acordo com sua missão, contexto institucional, enfoque temático e cobertura geográfica. O artigo discute o desenvolvimento de um novo observatório de saúde pública com enfoque urbano e sua pesquisa operacional e infraestrutura de ensino, sob a égide acadêmica do Departamento de Epidemiologia e do Instituto de Saúde Urbana da Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (BSPH) em Baltimore, Estados Unidos. A Bloomberg School reafirmou sua missão no ensino superior ao lançar uma nova formação profissional em saúde pública como primeiro passo importante no desenvolvimento do observatório. O novo observatório com base na academia é uma plataforma inovadora para o ensino e pesquisa em saúde pública que oferece ao corpo docente, pesquisadores, alunos de epidemiologia, e parceiros em projetos de pesquisa uma infraestrutura física e metodológica para suas atividades de pesquisa operacional e capacitação, com enfoque urbano local e alcance global. Discute-se o conceito de um observatório de saúde pública e seu papel no enfrentamento das desigualdades sociais em saúde em contextos urbanos locais.

Resumen Los observatorios de salud pueden diferir de acuerdo con su misión, el contexto institucional, el enfoque temático y la cobertura geográfica. El artículo discute el desarrollo de un nuevo observatorio de salud pública con énfasis en la salud urbana y su investigación operativa y la infraestructura de la enseñanza, bajo los auspicios académicos del Departamento de Epidemiología y el Instituto de Salud Urbana de la Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health en Baltimore, Estados Unidos. La Bloomberg School reafirmó su misión en la educación superior mediante el lanzamiento de una nueva formación profesional en la salud pública como el primer paso en el desarrollo del observatorio. El nuevo observatorio, basado en la academia, es una plataforma innovadora para la enseñanza y la investigación en salud pública que ofrece a los profesores, investigadores, estudiantes de epidemiología y socios en proyectos de investigación, una infraestructura física y metodológica para las actividades de investigación operativa y de formación, con enfoque urbano local y alcance global. Se discute el concepto de un observatorio de salud pública y su papel en el afrontamiento a las desigualdades sociales en salud en los entornos urbanos locales.

Implantes cerâmicos - evidências científicas para o seu uso / Ceramic implants - scientific evidence for its use

A cerâmica de zircônia (ZrO) vem sendo objeto de muitas pesquisas biomédicas pela excelente biocompatibilidade e estabilidade química. Nos últimos anos tem sido utilizada como uma opção aos implantes dentários metálicos, principalmente pelas qualidades estéticas e periointegração. O propósito desta revisão bibliográfica é destacar as características das cerâmicas Y-TZP (zircônia tetragonal policristalina estabilizada com ítria) e ATZ (zircônia tenacificada por alumina), citando algumas limitações do uso como materiais alternativos na Implantodontia, baseadas em evidências científicas. Muitas pesquisas in vitro e in vivo demonstraram que as cerâmicas Y-TZP apresentam vantagens estéticas e biológicas sobre outros biomateriais. Os valores de resistência à fratura são clinicamente aceitáveis, sendo mais elevados nos compósitos ATZ. Alguns testes de carga cíclica com implantes dentários ATZ mostraram resistência igual ou superior aos de titânio (Ti). Novos tratamentos de superfície na cerâmica estão abreviando o tempo de cura, possibilitando carga imediata. Os experimentos com animais confirmaram o bom potencial de osseointegração das cerâmicas, com quantidade de BIC equiparável ao Ti e com menor acúmulo de biofilme. Estudos de até 5 anos com implantes dentários Y-TZP de peça única em humanos apresentaram índices de sucesso de 84,4 a 100%, enquanto que a taxa de sobrevida em 7 anos com ATZ foi de 99%. Apesar dos bons resultados com implantes dentários Y-TZP e ATZ, os autores sugerem cautela nas indicações e mais estudos prospectivos de longo prazo.

Ceramic zirconia (Zr02) has been the subject of many biomedical researches due to its excellent biocompatibility and chemical stability. In recent years it has been used as an alternative to metallic dental implants, and mainly for its aesthetic periointegration qualities. The purpose of this literature review was to evaluate some of the characteristics of ceramic Y-TZP (tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline yttria stabilized) and ATZ (zirconia toughened alumina), pointing its limitations of use as alternative materials in Implantology. Many in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that the ceramics Y-TZP exhibit aesthetic and biological advantages over other biomaterials. The values of fracture toughness are clinically acceptable, being higher in ATZ composites. Some cyclic loading tests with ATZ dental implants showed resistance equal or superior to titanium (Ti). New surface treatments for ceramics have shortened the cure time, allowing immediate loading. Animal experiments have confirmed the good potential for osseointegration of ceramic, with the amount of BIC comparable to Ti and less accumulation of biofilm. Studies up to 5 years with dental implants Y-TZP one-piece in humans have success rates between 84.4 and 100%, whereas the survival rate in 7 years with ATZ implants was 99%. Despite the good results with the ceramic Y-TZP and ATZ, the authors suggest caution in their indications and further long-term prospective studies are required.

Geospatial analysis applied to epidemiological studies of dengue: a systematic review / Analise geoespacial aplicada em estudos epidemiologicos de dengue: uma revisao sistematica

A systematic review of the geospatial analysis methods used in the dengue fever studies published between January 2001 and March 2011 was undertaken. In accordance with specific selection criteria thirty-five studies were selected for inclusion in the review. The aim was to assess the types of spatial methods that have been used to analyze dengue transmission. We found twenty-one different methods that had been used in dengue fever epidemiological studies in that period, three of which were most frequently used. The results show that few articles had applied spatial analysis methods in dengue fever studies; however, whenever they were applied they contributed to a better understanding of dengue fever geospatial diffusion.

Pregnant crack addicts in a psychiatric unit / Gestantes dependentes de crack em uma unidade de internação psiquiátrica

OBJECTIVE: In this study we aim to characterize a sample of 85 pregnant crack addicts admitted for detoxification in a psychiatric inpatient unit. METHOD: Cross-sectional study. Sociodemographic, clinical, obstetric and lifestyle information were evaluated. RESULTS: Age of onset for crack use varied from 11 to 35 years (median = 21). Approximately 25% of the patients smoked more than 20 crack rocks in a typical day of use (median = 10; min-max = 1-100). Tobacco (89.4%), alcohol (63.5%) and marijuana (51.8%) were the drugs other than crack most currently used. Robbery was reported by 32 patients (41.2%), imprisonment experience by 21 (24.7%), trade of sex for money/drugs by 38 (44.7%), home desertion by 33 (38.8%); 15.3% were positive for HIV, 5.9% for HCV, 1.2% for HBV and 8.2% for syphilis. After discharge from the psychiatric unit, only 25% of the sample followed the proposed treatment in the chemical dependency outpatient service. CONCLUSION: Greater risky behaviors for STD, as well as high rates of maternal HIV and Syphilis were found. Moreover, the high rates of concurrent use of other drugs and involvement in illegal activities contribute to show their chaotic lifestyles. Prevention and intervention programs need to be developed to address the multifactorial nature of this problem.

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar uma amostra de 85 gestantes dependentes de crack admitidas para desintoxicação numa unidade de internação psiquiátrica. MÉTODO: Foram avaliadas, de forma transversal, variáveis sociodemográficas, clínico-obstétricas e informações sobre o seu estilo de vida. RESULTADOS: A idade de início de uso do crack variou dos 11 aos 35 anos (mediana = 21). Aproximadamente, 25% das pacientes fumavam mais de 20 pedras de crack em um dia típico de uso (mediana = 10; mín-máx = 1-100). Além do crack, as drogas mais utilizadas eram: tabaco (76; 89,4%), álcool (54; 63,5%) e maconha (44; 51,8%). Roubo foi relatado por 41,2% (32 pacientes), prisão por 24,7% (21), troca de sexo por dinheiro/drogas por 44,7% (38) e abandono do lar por 38,8% (33); 15,3% (13) tinham soropositividade para HIV, 5,9% (5) para HCV, 1,2% (1) para HBV e 8,2% (7) para sífilis. Após alta da unidade de internação psiquiátrica, somente 25% da amostra deram continuidade ao tratamento no ambulatório de dependência química. CONCLUSÃO: Comportamentos de risco para DSTs, altas taxas de HIV e sífilis, elevado uso de outras drogas e envolvimento em atividades ilegais fazem parte do estilo de vida caótico dessas mulheres. Programas de prevenção e intervenção dirigidos à natureza multifatorial dessa condição precisam ser desenvolvidos.

United States-Mexico border diabetes prevalence survey: lessons learned from implementation of the project / Encuesta de prevalencia de diabetes en la zona fronteriza entre México y los Estados Unidos: lecciones aprendidas de la ejecución del proyecto

This paper reviews and discusses the main procedures and policies that need to be followed when designing and implementing a binational survey such as the United States of America (U.S.)-Mexico Border Diabetes Prevalence Study that took place between 2001 and 2002. The main objective of the survey was to determine the prevalence of diabetes in the population 18 years of age or older along U.S.-Mexico border counties and municipalities. Several political, administrative, financial, legal, and cultural issues were identified as critical factors that need to be considered when developing and implementing similar binational projects. The lack of understanding of public health practices, implementation of existing policies, legislation, and management procedures in Mexico and the United States may delay or cancel binational research, affecting the working relation of both countries. Many challenges were identified: multiagency/multifunding, ethical/budget clearances, project management, administrative procedures, laboratory procedures, cultural issues, and project communications. Binational projects are complex; they require coordination between agencies and institutions at federal, state, and local levels and between countries and need a political, administrative, bureaucratic, cultural, and language balance. Binational agencies and staff should coordinate these projects for successful implementation.

En este artículo se analizan los principales procedimientos y normas que se deberían seguir al diseñar y ejecutar una encuesta binacional, como el estudio de prevalencia de la diabetes en la zona fronteriza entre México y los Estados Unidos que se llevó a cabo entre el 2001 y el 2002. El objetivo principal de la encuesta fue determinar la prevalencia de diabetes en las personas de 18 años o mayores en los condados y municipios fronterizos entre México y los Estados Unidos. Se definieron diversos aspectos políticos, administrativos, financieros, legales y culturales como factores fundamentales que se deben tener en cuenta al elaborar y ejecutar proyectos binacionales similares. La falta de comprensión de las prácticas de salud pública, la ejecución de las normas existentes, la legislación y los procedimientos de gestión en México y los Estados Unidos pueden retardar o cancelar las actividades de investigación binacional, y afectar las relaciones de trabajo entre ambos países. Se señalaron muchas dificultades con respecto a la multiplicidad de organismos y fuentes de financiación, las autorizaciones de carácter ético y presupuestario, la gestión del proyecto, los procedimientos administrativos, los procedimientos de laboratorio, los aspectos culturales y la comunicación del proyecto. Los proyectos binacionales son complejos; requieren coordinación entre los organismos y las instituciones a escalas federal, estatal, local y entre países, y precisan un equilibrio político, administrativo, burocrático, cultural e idiomático. El personal y los organismos binacionales deben coordinar estos proyectos con objeto de lograr su eficaz ejecución.

Síndrome de prune belly: presentación de caso / Prune belly syndrome: a case report

El síndrome de prune belly es una rara enfermedad congénita de causa desconocida. Se presenta el caso de un recién nacido a término, del sexo masculino y de un día de nacido, que fue remitido al servicio de urología pediátrica por presentar ausencia de los músculos de la pared anterior del abdomen (rectos anteriores), criptorquidia bilateral y gran globo vesical. A partir de los hallazgos del examen físico se planteó el diagnóstico de síndrome de prune belly. Se encontraron anomalías asociadas como escoliosis y agenesia del pie derecho. En el estudio radiológico del tracto urinario se confirmaron malformaciones congénitas como valva de uretra posterior y megavejiga con uretero-hidronefrosis bilateral. Los análisis de laboratorio confirmaron la afectación de la función renal y una infección urinaria asociada. Se practicó una cistostomía a cielo abierto. El paciente falleció a los 10 días a causa de las complicaciones de la insuficiencia renal(AU)

The prune belly syndrome is a congenital rare disease of unknown origin. The case of a one-day-old full- term male newborn infant that was referred to the pediatric urology service for presenting absence of the muscles of the anterior abdomen wall (anterior rectus muscle), bilateral cryptochordism and big vesical globe, was presented. Starting from the findings of the physical examination, the prune belly syndrome was diagnosed. Associated abnormalities such as scoliosis and agenesis of the right leg were found. In the radiological study of the urinary tract, congenital malformations as posterior urethra valve and megabladder with bilateral ureterohydronephrosis were confirmed. The lab tests corroborated the affectation of the renal function and an associated urinary infection. The patient died at 10 days as a result of the complications of renal failure(AU)

Terapia neural como tratamiento contra el dolor en la displasia mamaria cíclica de grado II / Neural therapy as pain-relief treatment in grade III cyclic breast dysplasia

De enero a diciembre de 2004 se realizó un estudio experimental del tipo ensayo clínico de fase II, controlado y monocéntrico, cuyo objetivo fue evaluar la eficacia de la terapia neural en el tratamiento del dolor como manifestación de la displasia mamaria cíclica de grado II en comparación con la terapéutica convencional. Se estudiaron 240 pacientes, que fueron divididos en 4 grupos según el tipo de tratamiento: con terapia neural (grupo I), con vitamina E (grupo II), con progesterona (grupo III) y con antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (grupo IV). Se observó mejoría del dolor en más de 60 por ciento del grupo I y fue similar con el uso de la progesterona. Con los antiinflamatorios no esteroideos y la vitamina E hubo diferencias significativas. Se obtuvieron resultados satisfactorios con el empleo de la terapia neural con procaína al 1 por ciento, por lo que pudimos considerarla eficaz en la terapéutica de esta manifestación(AU)

A controlled monocentered experimental study of phase II clinical assay type was carried out from January to December, 2004 to evaluate the effectiveness of neural therapy in treating pain as manifestation of grade II cyclic breast dysplasia in comparison to the conventional therapy. Two hundred and forty patients were studied. They were divided into 4 groups according to the type of treatment: neural therapy (group I); vitamin E (group II); progesterone (group III); and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (group IV). Pain relief was observed in over 60 per cent of patients in group I, a result similar to that of group III (progesterone). There were significant differences in groups treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and Vitamin E. The use of neural therapy based on 1per cent procaine yielded satisfactory results, so we considered it as an effective therapy for pain relief in grade II breast dysplasia(AU)

Transtorno de oposição e desafio e transtorno de conduta: os desfechos no TDAH em adultos / Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: their outcomes into adulthood

Os autores examinam a influência dos transtornos de oposição e desafio (TOD), de conduta (TC) e de personalidade anti-social (TPAS) ao longo da vida do indivíduo com TDAH. Os principais achados mostram que o TDAH é modulado por essas comorbidades e que seu prognóstico é modificado dependendo da presença ou não desses transtornos. O transtorno de oposição e desafio intensificaria as características de impulsividade e isolacionismo do TDAH, porém não acarretaria em um aumento na incidência de TPAS na vida adulta. Já o TC associado ao TDAH implica um aumento significativo na impulsividade e agressividade, estando associado significativamente a TPAS e um pior prognóstico. A diferenciação entre os diferentes transtornos e seu correto diagnóstico é essencial para o tratamento adequado do TDAH. Futuros estudos precisam determinar se o tratamento do TDAH produziria uma mudança significativa no prognóstico desse grupo de pacientes.

The authors examine the influence of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD) and anti-social personality disorder (ASPD) on attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) across life span. The findings showed that ADHD is modulated by this comorbidities and ADHD prognosis is modified depending on the presence or the absence of those disorders. ODD intensifies ADHD impulsivity and isolationism, but does not lead to an increase in the prevalence of ASPD in adulthood. Otherwise, CD associated with ADHD increases significantly the levels of impulsivity and aggressiveness, is associated with ASPD and a poor outcome. The appropriate approach to ADHD must be based on the correct diagnosis of different comorbidities to predict the outcomes. Further studies are needed to investigate if the treatment of ADHD can produce a significant improvement on the outcomes of this group of patients.

Painel brasileiro de especialistas sobre diagnóstico do transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade (TDAH) em adultos / Brazilian consensus of specialists on the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults

Considerando-se as dificuldades atuais do diagnóstico do transtorno do déficit de atenção/hiperatividade em adultos, foram reunidos especialistas brasileiros que fazem pesquisas nesta área, de modo a produzir diretrizes de consenso para uso no país. Foi realizada uma revisão não-sistemática preliminar e concebido um texto inicial, que foi repetidamente avaliado e editado pelos autores, com acréscimos e correções ao longo de 6 meses, através de correio eletrônico e de uma reunião posterior, patrocinada pela Associação Brasileira do Déficit de Atenção. A versão preliminar foi apresentada publicamente durante o congresso anual da Associação Brasileira de Psiquiatria, com comentários e sugestões dos participantes, para a redação da versão final.

Concordância entre observadores para o diagnóstico em adultos do trantorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade e transtorno de oposição desafiante utilizando o K-SADS-E / Interrater reliability for diagnosis in adults of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder using K-SADS-E

O diagnóstico do transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade (TDAH) e do transtorno de oposição desafiante (TOD) em adultos carece de instrumentos adequados. Esta investigação visa avaliar a confiabilidade entre observadores das seções do K-SADS-E adaptadas para os diagnósticos destes transtornos em adultos. As adaptações realizadas se limitaram ao direcionamento das perguntas ao próprio paciente, investigação do início dos sintomas em um período mais tardio e abordagem de sintomas próprios de adultos. Seis avaliadores treinados pontuaram 16 entrevistas gravadas. Os coeficientes Kappa foram de 1,00 para o diagnóstico de TDAH no passado, 0,91 para o subtipo no passado, 1,00 para diagnóstico de TDAH atual e 0,95 para o subtipo atual. Os coeficientes Kappa para o TOD foram de 1,00 para o diagnóstico no passado e 0,89 para o diagnóstico atual. Todos os coeficientes tiveram um p<0,001. Os resultados demonstram excelente concordância para os diagnósticos de TDAH e TOD em adultos utilizando a forma adaptada da versão em português do K-SADS-E.

Desenvolvimento emocional e uso de maconha / Emotional development paralysis and cannabis use

Neste artigo, é abordado o atraso no desenvolvimento emocional associado ao uso crônico de maconha. As implicações desta situação clínica são examinadas no contexto das terapias psicodinâmicas. Uma ilustração clínica é apresentada para demonstrar o impacto de algumas formas corriqueiras de abordagem do problema.

Variación de los indicadores de mortalidad evitable entre comunas chilenas como aproximación a las desigualdades de salud / Using different indicators of preventable mortality as an approach to measuring health inequalities in Chilean municipalities

OBJECTIVES: To analyze differences in avoidable mortality among communes in Chile, using different indicators as an operational approach to estimating health inequalities. METHODS: Small area variation analysis in a sample of 117 of all 335 Chilean communes that existed in 1992. By using secondary data, we developed and compared some avoidable-mortality indicators, such as potential years of life lost (PYLL), avoidable mortality (AM) (based on background and criteria drawn from the literature), health care avoidable mortality (HCAMR), and life expectancy. A socioeconomic development index (SEDI) was also developed. The scope of the variation was estimated through the weighted variation coefficient, the Gini coefficient, the ratio between the values for the quintiles at both extremes of the SEDI distribution, and the ratio of the lowest SEDI quintile to the group of municipalities having a SEDI greater than 0.90 (optimal empirical reference value). The socioeconomic pattern of variations was examined through concentration curves and by comparing communal quintiles based on their SEDI. RESULTS: The various avoidable-mortality indicators used showed an inverse and statistically significant correlation with socioeconomic development, as well as with the profile of the various SEDI quintiles and with the majority of specific causes of avoidable mortality. The distribution profile of AM indicators among SEDI communal quintiles reflects the same tendency, along with most of the mortality from specific avoidable causes. The use of three reference values (the mean, the quintile with the greatest SEDI, and the optimal empirical reference value) makes it possible to measure gaps that could be avoided. The ratio of the lowest SEDI quintile to the empirical optimal reference value was 2.1 for AM, 2.0 for PYLL, 1.7 for infant mortality, and 1.5 for HCAMR. CONCLUSIONS: These results, which are consistent with those found in previous published sources, estimate the magni...

OBJETIVOS:Analizar variaciones de mortalidad evitable entre comunas, utilizando diversos indicadores, como aproximación operacional para estimar desigualdades de salud. MÉTODOS:Análisis de variación de áreas pequeñas en una muestra de 117 de las 335 comunas chilenas en 1992. Usando datos secundarios, se desarrollaron y analizaron indicadores de mortalidad evitable, tales como los años de vida potencial perdidos (AVPP), la mortalidad evitable (ME) (con antecedentes y criterios basados en fuentes publicadas), la mortalidad evitable mediante la atención de salud (MEAS), y la esperanza de vida. También se creó un indicador de desarrollo socioeconómico (IDSE). La amplitud de las variaciones observadas entre indicadores se estimó mediante el coeficiente ponderado de variación, el coeficiente de Gini, la razón entre quintiles extremos del IDSE y la razón entre el quintil con el menor IDSE y el grupo de comunas con IDSE mayores de 0,90 (referencia empírica óptima). El perfil socioeconómico de las variaciones se examinó mediante curvas de concentración y la comparación de quintiles comunales según IDSE. RESULTADOS:Los diversos indicadores de ME usados mostraron una relación inversa estadísticamente significativa con el desarrollo socioeconómico, tendencia también observada en el perfil de los quintiles definidos por IDSE y en la mayoría de las causas específicas de mortalidad evitable. El uso de tres niveles de referencia (promedio, quintil con el mayor IDSE y referencia empírica óptima) plantea la medición de distintas brechas que podrían prevenirse. La razón entre el quintil con el menor IDSE y la referencia óptima fue de 2,1 en el caso de la ME, de 2,0 en el caso de los AVPP, de 1,7 en el de la mortalidad infantil y de 1,5 en el de la MEAS. CONCLUSIONES:Los resultados, que coinciden con los hallados en otras fuentes publicadas previamente, ponderan la magnitud y el perfil de las variaciones entre comunas y proveen información, basada en datos de 1992...