Frequency of determinants of child labour in motor car workshops of Southern Punjab

Background: Child labour effects health of a child in many ways

Objective: To find out the frequency of determinants of child labour in children working in the motor car workshops at Bahawalpur

Methodology: Study Design: Cross sectional study

Setting: The study was carried out at motor car workshops Bahawalpur, Southern Punjab. Duration: 26th April to 23rd August, 2014. A sample of 60 children working at motor car workshop was taken by simple random sampling technique. The data was collected through a pre designed questionnaire. The information was collected about education of the parents, family size, economic status of the parents, parents income. The data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 15

Results: The study showed that majority of the children were illiterate [51.6%], most of them [85%] were living with their parents. Majority [58.34%] of the children in child labour were found to be coming from large families, [5-7 number]. In majority of cases parents income was less than 2000 rupees per month. Conclusion: Our study revealed that most of the children working as child labour belonged from poor, socio economic strata of society, were illiterate, belonged from large families and were not attending school

Dengue fever; knowledge and practices of preventive measures among students of Bahawalpur city, Pakistan

To assess the knowledge and practice of preventive measures against dengue fever among medical students of Quaid-e-Azasm medical college and engineering students of Islamia university, Bahawalpur. Cross sectional descriptive study. September 2012 to December 2012. Quaid-e-Azam Medial College and Engineering wing of Islamia University Bahawalpur. Sample size calculated for study 8 by expecting prevalence of knowledge 78% in population of 1000 in each group with 5% margin of error and at 95% confidence interval was 263; by adding 10% response error sample became 290 for each population. Individuals for study were selected by simple random sampling and interviewed by using preformed questionnaire. Obtained data was analyzed by using SPSS version 11. For categorization of knowledge and preventive practices against dengue fever into good, satisfactory insufficient and poor scoring was done. knowledge of protective measures against dengue fever was found significantly better among medical than engineering group [p<.000]. Knowledge of personal protective measures against dengue fever was adequate i.e. more than 90% in both groups had knowledge. Knowledge regarding environmental protective measures as screening and spraying of rooms was adequate i.e. >85% while this knowledge with regard to covering of collected water, disposal of broken bottles and tins, daily change of water in room cooler and space spray was 50% or less. However, knowledge of biological control for mosquito breed with regard to use of snail was very poor i.e. 20% or less. As for as the practices of preventive measures were concerned both groups had no significant difference which were very poor in all aspects except screening of rooms which was more than 90%. There is dire need for improvement in both knowledge and practices of preventive measures against dengue fever among students and general population

Effect of education and duration of marriage on women empowerment at household level

Background: Women empowerment has been identified significant effects on many aspects of human development

Objective: To assess the effect of education and duration of marriage on women empowerment at household level

Subjects and Methods: Study design: Cross sectional descriptive study. Study place: Model town, Bahawalpur. Study duration: From 1" January 2013 to 30th June 2013. Sample size: Expecting the female literacy rate 47% in a population with 5% precision and 95% level of confidence, calculated sample size was 378. Sampling technique: It was simple random sampling. Data collection and analysis: Data was collected by using pretested questionnaire and analyzed by using SPSS version 17. Women empowerment was measured by asking ten questions. Response of each question was divided into three categories and each category was scored as, Not at ail = 1, to some extent = 2 and to great extent = 3. The composite score of each respondent was 30. The women's empowerment on the basis of composite score was divided into three levels, the score in between 1-10 = low, 11 -20 - medium and from 21-30 was taken as high empowerment.

Results: Among the illiterate group only 8% women had high level of empowerment, in primary/middle group 33.3%, in third group [matric/intermediate] 53.4%, while in graduate or above group 80.3% respondents were highly empowered. Education was significantly associated with the women's empowerment at household level [p < 0.0000]. In a group of marriage duration < 5 years 16.3% women had high level of empowerment as compared to 15.7% in 6-10 year, 45% in 11-15 years and 53% in > 16 years category. Significant association was found between duration of marriage and women empowerment [p <0.0000]

Conclusion: There is significant association between the education, marriage duration and women's empowerment at household level

Frequency and risk factors for myopiaamong children visiting ophthalmology outpatient department of Bahawal victoria hospital, Bahawalpur

Background: Myopia is one of the preventable cause of visual impairment

Objective: Objective of this study was to determine the frequency and risk factors for myopia among children [6-12 years] visiting Ophthalmology outpatient department of Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur

Patients and Methods: It was cross sectional study conducted in Ophthalmology outpatient, department of Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur from 1[st] July, 2012 to 30[th] June 2013. After taking ethical approval from hospital ethical committee, all the children aged 6-12 years visiting Ophthalmology outpatient department, whose parents had endorsed informed written consent, were included in the study. After collecting personal detail of each participant, and noting risk factors from their parents by using questionnaire, the visual acuity of each child was checked by using Snellen's chart. The children having visual acuity less than 6/6 in at least one eye underwent refraction by using retinoscopy after 1% cyclopentolate eye drops had been instilled at least half an hour previously. Data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 17. Spherical equivalents equal to or more than -0.50 D in either eye was taken as myopic. Chi square test was applied to see any statistical difference if existed and p-value

Results: Out of total 2936 children, 57.93% were myopic. 32.86% children were in the age group of 6-8 years, 54.67% in 9-11 years and 12.47% were >/= 12 years of age. 67.37% children were females. Family history of myopia was positive in 65.8% children. The reading hours of 17.3% children were 8 hours per day in 6.48%. The duration of TV watching was 4 hours in 2.02% children. 60.72% of the children were spending their time in playing video games or using computer for 4 hours

Conclusion: There is strong association of myopia with near work and parental myopia

Accuracy of 50 gram oral glucose challenge test in the screening of gestational diabetes mellitus

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus [GDM] is associated with increased perinatal morbidity and mortality, along with maternal complications in future

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of 50 gram oral glucose challenge test in the screening of gestational diabetes mellitus

Patients and Methods: It was cross sectional study conducted in obstetrics and gynecology outpatient department of Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur, from 1[st] March, 2013 to 31[st] October, 2013, to determine the diagnostic accuracy of 50 gram oral glucose challenge test in screening of gestational diabetes mellitus [GDM]. Sample size calculated for the study at 5% precision, 8% anticipated proportion of GDM and expecting the sensitivity and specificity as 95.3% and 48.6% respectively, from formula of sensitivity and specificity, was 416. Four hundred and sixteen primigravida and multigravida women of age 20-40 years with singleton pregnancy at 24-28 weeks of gestation visiting the obstetrics and gynecology outpatient department selected by non-probability convenient method were included in the study. 50 gram oral glucose in 250 ml of plain water was given to each participant, after one hour venous blood sample was withdrawn to measure serum glucose level and 140 mg/dl was taken as cut off value for labeling the patient as screen positive or negative. Regardless of the results of 50 gram oral glucose challenge test all the participants were further evaluated by oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT]. Before doing OGTT all the patients were advised to come in the morning with overnight fast of 8-12 hours [plain water was allowed]. After taking blood samples for fasting blood glucose level, 75 gram oral glucose was given and after two hours blood glucose level was measured again. Fasting blood glucose level >/=110mg/dl and after 2 hours of taking 75 gram oral glucose, serum level of >/=160mg/dl was taken as cut off values to label as test positive or negative. Data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 17. Accuracy of OGCT in terms of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value was measured by assuming OGTT as gold standard test

Results: Gestational diabetes mellitus was recorded in 22.59% on OGCT. On OGTT 19.95% were found to have GDM. Sensitivity was calculated as 85.54%, specificity 93.03%, positive predictive value 75.53% and 96.27% negative predictive value

Conclusion: Our results suggest that 50 gm OGCT is a test with high accuracy and can be used as a screening test for GDM in all antenatal clinics

Risk factors of overweight and obesity among females of Bahawalpur City

Background: Obesity specially among females is on rise and results in different chronic diseases

Objective: To assess the prevalence and risk factors for obesity in adult female population of Bahawalpur city

Material and Methods: Study design: Cross sectional, descriptive study. Place and Duration: Satellite Town, Bahawalpur from 1[st] September, 2012 to 31[st] March 2013. On the basis of obesity prevalence of 35-40% among females, sample size of 400 was calculated, with 5% margin of error and at 95% confidence interval. The study subjects included 15-64 years aged females and were selected by simple random method. Data was collected by face to face interview using a structured questionnaire and analyzed by using SPSS version 17

Results: Out of total 400 females, 48% were obese and highest level of obesity was found in 26-35 year age group. Significant association was found between walk [p<0.001], work out [p<0.001], calories consciousness [p<0.05] and BMI

Conclusion: It is the time to educate the people on healthy life style especially about different types of foods, calorie awareness and importance of physical activity to maintain the weight within normal limits

Risk factors of overweight and obesity among females of bahawalpur city

Background: Obesity specially among females is on rise and results in different chronic diseases

Objective: To assess the prevalence and risk factors for obesity in adult female population of Bahawalpur city

Material and Methods: Study design: Cross sectional, descriptive study. Place and Duration: Satellite Town, Bahawalpur from 1[st] September, 2012 to 31[st] March 2013. On the basis of obesity prevalence of 35-40% among females, sample size of 400 was calculated, with 5% margin of error and at 95% confidence interval. The study subjects included 15-64 years aged females and were selected by simple random method. Data was collected by face to face interview using a structured questionnaire and analyzed by using SPSS version 17

Results: Out of total 400 females, 48% were obese and highest level of obesity was found in 26-35 year age group. Significant association was found between walk [p<0.001], work out [p<0.001], calories consciousness [p<0.05] and BMI

Conclusion: It is the time to educate the people on healthy life style especially about different types of foods, calorie awareness and importance of physical activity to maintain the weight within normal limits

Dental caries; frequency and determinants among patients attending dental out patient department in Bahawal Victoria hospital Bahawalpur

To find out the prevalence and determinants of dental caries among patients attending dental OPD. Descriptive Cross sectional study. Dental out Patient Department, Bahawal Victoria Hospital and period was August till November, 2010. Data was collected with the help of predesigned Questionnaire. A Convenient sample of 05 eligible respondents was examined on daily basis till completion of sample size. Caries was assessed by using DMFT scale. Analysis of data was carried out with the help of computer SPSS version 11. Chi square test was used to see the association between different variables,[brushing at night, daily brushing, sugary food intake] define the variables. The level of significance was taken as p<.05. Among study population [52%] were male and [53%] were urban dwellers. Dental caries was present in 97% of the patients and DMFT Score increased with increase in age. Commonly associated habits [with carries] included lack of daily brushing of teeth [P<.01], lack of brushing at night [p<.001], and daily intake of sweets [p<.005]. Frequency of dental caries was high with advancing age. Significant relationship of Dental Caries was found with oral hygiene and surgery foods

Dental caries; frequency and determinants among patients attending dental out patient department in Bahawalpur Victoria hospital Bahawalpur

To find out the prevalence and determinants of dental carries among patients attending dental OPD. Design: Descriptive Cross sectional study. Dental out Patient Department, Bahawal Victoria Hospital and period was August till November, 2010. Data was collected with the help of predesigned Questionnaire. A Convenient sample of 05 eligible respondents was examined on daily basis till completion of sample size. Caries was assessed by using DMFT scale. Analysis of data was carried out with the help of computer SPSS version 11. Chi square test was used to see the association between different variables,[brushing at night, daily brushing, sugar rich food]. The level of significance was taken as p<.05. Among study population [52%] were male and [53%] were urban dwellers.. Dental caries was present in 97% of the patients and DMFT Score increased with increase in age. Commonly associated habits [with carries] included lack of daily brushing of teeth [P<.01], lack of brushing at night [p<.001], and daily intake of sweets [p<.005]. Frequency of dental caries was high with advancing age. There was significant relationship with oral Hygiene, Sugar rich food and dental caries

Effect of women empowerment on their fertility behaviour

The objective of the study was to: [1] find out the association between women empowerment and number of children, [2] evaluate any association between women empowerment and use of contraceptives. A cross sectional study. The study was conducted in selected areas of Bahawalpur City. The data was collected from March to June 2003. A total number of 872 households were selected by systematic random selection from upper, middle and lower class. Data was collected from eligible respondent [currently married women of reproductive age group 15-49 year having at least one child of 3 years age] through a pre-designed questionnaire. Independent variable empowerment of women was calculated by giving score to education, occupation and autonomy at micro level. Dependent variables [fertility and use of contraception] were assessed for significance by applying chi square test. 41.9% high empowered women were in the opinion that birth of a male child did not provide security [p < .001]. A strong positive association between level of empowerment and contraception use [p < .001]. There is negative association between women empowerment and number of children [p < .001]. Efforts should be made to change the attitude of men that empowering woman is ultimately empowering the whole family

Risk factors for primary postpartum hemorrhage

To describe the associated risk factor for primary Postpartum Hemorrhage [PPH] and its severity with increasing parity and duration of labour. It was a descriptive study. Place and duration of study: The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology [Unit II] of Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur from January 2004 to December 2004. Patient and method: Fifty patients with primary postpartum hemorrhage were included in this study. Data was collected from the patients through a structured proforma. The variable studied were parity, duration of labour and risk factors for primary PPH. The results were statistically analyzed, chi-square test was applied to find out the significance of parity and duration of labour and their relationship with severity of PPH. Simple percentages were used to find associated risk factor for primary PPH. The frequency of primary PPH in primary para was 24% [12 patients] and in multi para was 76%[38 patients]. Severity of PPH increased with increasing parity [P<.05]. After merging the variable of parity severity of PPH increased in patients with prolonged labour in normally delivered patients [P<.05]. As for as risk factors are concerned 60% had uterine atony while 16% got cervical tear and the same number had retained placenta, 8% had preneal tear, Uterine inversion was seen in 6%, 4% presented with polyhydrominos, same with placenta previa type-1. 4% had vaginal laceration, 2% had DIC and 2% had abruptio placenta. The result of the study revealed a number of associated risk factors for primary PPH and proved the relationship of its severity with increasing parity and duration of labour. Duration of labour had a significant relationship with PPH even in Primipara

Malnutrition; determinants in children between six months to five years of age in Bahawalpur

To find-out the determinants of malnutrition in children between six months to five years age in Bahawalpur. This was an observational descriptive cross - sectional study. At Paediatric Medicine out - patient department in Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur. From Feb. 2005 to March 2007. Eleven hundred children with malnutrition having ages six months to five years. Main outcome measures. Determinants of malnutrition in children under - 5 in Bahawalpur. This study consists of 1100 sick children between the ages six months to five years brought by their parents [mother] to the Pediatric Medicine out-patient department in Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur. Only the children with malnutrition [undernutrition] were included in the study population. Mothers of these children were interviewed and clinical examination of each child was carried-out to find-out the causes of malnutrition in them. According to Gome's classification, 39.45% of them had first degree malnutrition, 37.10%, second degree and 23.45%, third degree malnutrition. The major causes of malnutrition found in our study population included: Illiteracy; food-fads; poverty; lack of breast-feeding; improper weaning; diarrhea and respiratory diseases. All these factors were statistically significant