Effect of female education on family size, contraceptive awareness and its practice

Objectives: To determine the association of female education with family size ,contraceptive methods awareness and its practice

Study Design: Descriptive / Cross-sectional study

Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out at Gyane and Obs Department, Fauji Foundation Hospital from 1st Oct, 2011 to 31 Oct, 2011

Patients and Methods: One forty nine married females having children were included in the study. Subjects were patients from Out Patient Department OfGynaecology and employees of Fauji Foundation Hospital. Data was collected through a questionnaire by convenience sampling

Results: A total of 149 females were selected by convenience sampling. Thirty five [23%] females were un-educated and 114 [77%] were educated from 5thgrade to FCPS .Average age at marriage was found to be 22 years. Most of females were house wives 80 [53%] while rest 69 [46%] were working ,cashing their capabilities in field of teaching, nursing, medicine and working as Aya. One hundred and two [89%]of educated females were having small families i.e 4 or less children while 11 of uneducated were small family size the difference is statistically significant [p value<.01].Ninety six [83%] educated females were aware of contraceptive methods as compared to 23 [65%] of uneducated females and the result was statistically significant [pvalue<.05].Regarding use of contraception no statistically significant difference was noted between two groups as 19 [54%] of uneducated were using contraceptive methods compared to 75[65%] of educated females. Condoms were the most commonly used method 26 [17%],followed by IUCD 17 [11%] natural method [8%] and bilateral tubal ligation [8%] while rest of females were using combination of contraceptive methods

Conclusion: Education of females has association with family size and awareness of contraception while use of contraceptive methods has no association with education and some other motivational factors play role in the use of contraceptive methods

Adolescent menorrhagia: causes and evaluation

To find out different causes of adolescent menorrhagia. Cross-sectional descriptive study. This study was conducted in Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Fauji Foundation Hospital Rawalpindi from 1[st] April 2011 to 31[st] December 2011. Fifty one un-married patients aged 9-19 years with menorrhagia were selected by non probability convenience sampling. All the details of history including blood loss, clinical examination and investigations were recorded in a proforma for analysis. The most common cause of menorrhagia was dysfunctional uterine bleeding [76.5%] followed by thyroid disorders [13.7%] and bleeding disorders [9.8%]. Dysfunctional Uterine bleeding [DUB] was found to be the commonest cause of adolescent menorrhagia. Patients with adolescent menorrhagia should be carefully investigated for different causes as timely intervention can help these young patients

Comparison of intravenous with oral iron in management of iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy

To compare the therapeutic effect of intravenous and oral iron therapy in iron deficiency anemia of pregnancy. Quasi experimental comparative study. This study was conducted in department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Fauji Foundation Hospital Rawalpindi from 1[st] April 2007 to 31[st] December 2007. One hundred pregnant women of confirmed iron deficiency anemia with hemoglobin levels between 7-8 gm/dl and serum ferritin level < 12ug/l were recruited from antenatal clinic and obstetrical ward and divided in two equal groups and assigned either intravenous or oral iron therapy. Patients not willing for follow up or had anemia due to other causes such as megaloblastic or hemolytic anemia were excluded from study. Pregnancy with renal and liver disease and patients with known allergy to iron were also excluded. Treatment efficacy was assessed after three weeks by estimating the hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels. An increase in hemoglobin was observed rising from 8.82 +/- 1.01 g/dl to 10.9 +/- 1.20 g/dl in intravenous group while in oral iron therapy group rise in hemoglobin from 9.32 +/- 0.63 to 10.32 +/- 0.62 gm/dl was observed [p< 0.00].The serum ferritin levels rise from 8.34 +/- 2.73 to 30.3 +/- 7.68 ug/l in intravenous iron therapy while it was from 8.34 +/- 2.71 to 11.26 +/- 2.88ug/l in oral group [p< 0.00]. Intravenous iron therapy is more effective than oral iron therapy in raising the hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels in pregnant patients with iron deficiency anemia