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Background@#Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory facial disorder, leading to impaired skin barrier function. Many factors, including skin care habits, affect its occurrence and progress. @*Objective@#This study aimed to investigate clinical manifestation and aggravating factors of rosacea, focusing on skin care habits and lifestyle and to compare them with those of acne patients. @*Methods@#We conducted a cross-sectional survey among 222 patients with rosacea and 127 with acne who visited a university hospital and local dermatologic clinic between July 2021 and June 2022. The patients answered questionnaires consisting of information, such as demographic characteristics, clinical symptoms and signs, skin care habits, and aggravating factors. @*Results@#Age distribution of the patients with rosacea showed a peak incidence among those in their twenties, and the most common comorbidity was metabolic disease. The most common symptom and sign was itching, followed by burning sensation. Regarding skin care habits, 72.8% and 45.0% of the patients practiced excessive cleansing and double cleansing, respectively. The most frequently-used cleanser and basic cosmetic were foaming cleanser (77.5%) and toner (57.5%), respectively. Foundation was used by nearly half of the woman, many of whom used liquid type.Irregular or insufficient sleep and food were the two most common aggravating factor. When compared to patients with acne patients, those with rosacea tended to carry more systemic comorbidities and practiced double cleansing with basic cosmetics more actively. @*Conclusion@#It is important for clinicians to understand various factors affecting occurrence and aggravation of rosacea and educate patients on appropriate skin care habits and lifestyle.
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BACKGROUND: Residual pleural thickening(RPT) develops in about 50% of tuberculous pleurisy(PLTB). Some reports have suggested that elevated TNF-α and impaired fibrinolysis could be the cause of RPT, but until now, the mechanism and predictors of RPT have not been well known. TGF-β has been known to promote fibrogenesis and is increased in tuberculous pleural fluid(PF). PLTB and malignant pleurisy(PLMAL) manifest lymphocyte-dominant exudative pleural effusion, and it has clinical implications in the differentiation of the two diseases, based on the findings of pleural effusion. We performed this study to compare pleural fluid TNF-α, TGF-β, and fibrinolytic parameters between PLTB and PLMAL, and to find the predictors of RPT in PLTB. METHODS: Thirty-five PLTB and 14 PLMAL patients who were admitted to the Asan Medical Center from February 1997 to August 1999 were enrolled. All PLTB patients were prescribed a primary, short-course, anti-tuberculosis regimen. TNF-α, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), plasminogen, α2-antiplasmin, and D-dimer were measured in both PF and PB, TGF-β was measured only in PF. Clinical characteristics, TNF-α, TGF-β, and fibrinolytic parameters were compared between patients with RPT less than 2 mm and patients with more than 2 mm of the thirty patients who completed the anti-tuberculosis treatment. RESULTS: The levels of TNF-α, tPA, PAI-1, plasminogen, α2-antiplasmin, and D-dimer in PF were higher than those in peripheral blood (PB) in PLTB, whereas only plasminogen, α2-antiplasmin, and D-dimer were higher in PF than in PB in PLMAL. Pleural fluid TNF-α, TGF-β, PAI-1, plasminogen, α2-antiplasmin were increased in PLTB compared with PLMAL, but these factors did not show any further advantages over ADA in differentiation between PLTB and PLMAL. TNF-α, TGF-β, and fibrinolytic parameters did not show any differences between patients with RPT less than 2 mm and patients with RPT more than 2 mm. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that TNF-α, TGF-β, and fibrinolytic parameters may play some role for the development of RPT in PLTB, but they failed to predict the occurrence of RPT in PLTB. Also these parameters did not seem to have any advantages over ADA in differentiating between two diseases.