Is anemia a public health problem among children under five years ago in Peru? Findings from a national healthcare administrative database (2012 and 2016) using Geographic Information Systems / ¿Es la anemia un problema de salud pública entre los menores de cinco años en el Perú? Análisis de una base de datos administrativa nacional de salud (2012 y 2016) empleando Sistemas de Información Geográfica

The objective of this study was to assess the change in the prevalence of anemia among under-five children attending public health services in Peru between 2012 and 2016, according to their place of residence, and to identify spatial clusters of districts with a high prevalence of anemia. An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out, based on data from the Nutritional State Information System from 2012 and 2016. We calculated the spatial autocorrelation of anemia prevalence at the district level using a global and local Moran's I index. The prevalence of anemia was 34.4% (2012) and 40.3% (2016). In 2012 and 2016, 41.7% and 46.5% of districts, respectively, had a prevalence of anemia considered a severe public health problem acording WHO criteria. Positive spatial autocorrelation was found between the prevalence of anemia and the districts for both years (2012 Moran's I: 0.22; 2016: 0.31, both p <0.001). Of the total number of districts, 8.3% (2012) and 12.6% (2016) presented a high prevalence of anemia and were also surrounded by districts with high prevalence. Anemia is a public health problem among children under five in Peru attending public health services and we identified areas with a higher concentration of anemia prevalence. Spatial patterns of anemia should be considered in the development and implementation of health interventions.

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la prevalencia de anemia en menores de cinco anos atendidos en servidos de salud públicos en Perú entre 2012-2016 e identificar conglomerados espaciales de distritos de alta prevalencia de anemia. Se realizó un estudio analítico de corte transversal, basado en los datos del Sistema de Información dei Estado Nutricional del Perú 2012 y 2016. La autocorrelación espacial de la prevalencia de anemia a nivel distrital se calculó utilizando el índice I de Moran global y local. Se encontro una prevalencia de anemia del 34.4% (2012) y 40.3% (2016), con41.7% (2012) y 46.5% (2016) de distritos con prevalencias de anemia consideradas como grave problema de salud pública según clasificación OMS. Se encontró una autocorrelación espacial positiva entre la prevalencia de anemia y los distritos (Moran's I 2012: 0.22; 2016: 0.31, ambos p <0.001), donde 8.3% (2012) y 12.6% (2016) de distritos con alta prevalencia se encontraban rodeados por distritos con alta prevalencia. La anemia es un problema de salud pública en menores de cinco años en el Perú atendidos en servicios de salud públicos. Existen áreas con mayor concentración de prevalencia de anemia. Los patrones espaciales de anemia deben considerarse en el desarrollo y la implementación de intervenciones de salud.

¿Qué representa cambiar el umbral diagnóstico de la hipertensión arterial? Guías ACC/AHA 2017 y su aplicación en Perú / Changes in the prevalence of hypertension in Peru using the new guideline of the American College of Cardiology

Introduction and Objective: There is little evidence in Latin America about the impact of the ACC/AHA 2017 guideline. Taking as reference the JNC 7 guideline, the objective of our study is to estimate changes in the prevalence of arterial hypertension (HBP) according to socio-demographic characteristics and geographic regions, applying the criteria of the new ACC / AHA guide 2017. Methods: Cross-sectional study of the Demographic and Family Health Survey conducted in Peru in 2017. Standardized weighted hypertension prevalence's were estimated for the WHO population according to both guidelines, and absolute differences with 95% CI. Results: We included 30,682 people aged 18 years and over, with an average age of 42.3 years, 51.1% women. The standardized prevalence of HBP for 2017 according to JNC 7 was 14.4% (95% CI: 13.8-15.1) and according to ACC / AHA 2017 it was 32.9% (95% CI: 32.0-33.7), so the prevalence increase is 18.5 percentage points, being higher in males than females (24.2 vs 12.9 respectively). In people with obesity and / or who consume tobacco, the increases were higher (24.3 and 24.1 percentage points respectively). In the regions of Tacna, Ica and Metropolitan Lima, the increase, in comparison with the JNC 7 guidelines, overcome the national average (22.4, 20.7 and 20.4, percentage points, respectively). Conclusions: Considering the context of a Latin American country and knowing the epidemiology of hypertension in Peru, the potential adoption of the ACC/AHA 2017 guidelines for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of hypertension should be accompanied by an evaluation of the impact at the individual, system and social level.

Gasto de bolsillo en salud en adultos mayores peruanos: análisis de la encuesta nacional de hogares sobre condiciones de vida y pobreza 2017 / Health-related out-of-pocket expenses in older peruvian adults: analysis of the national household survey on living conditions and poverty 2017

RESUMEN Objetivos. Estimar el gasto de bolsillo en salud (GBS) e identificar sus factores asociados en adultos mayores peruanos. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal analítico de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares sobre Condiciones de Vida y Pobreza (ENAHO) 2017. Se consideró como adulto mayor a todo individuo de 60 y más años y el GBS como variable principal de estudio. Se estimaron razones de prevalencia (RP) y razones de prevalencia ajustada (RPa) para cada uno de los factores asociados a GBS. Las medias del GBS fueron estimadas mediante un modelo lineal generalizado con distribución gamma y función de enlace log. Todos los intervalos de confianza (95 %) de los estimadores fueron calculados mediante bootstrapping con el método basado en la normal. Resultados. Se incluyeron 18 386 adultos mayores, de los cuales en el 56,5 % se reportó GBS. La media y mediana del GBS es de 140,8 (USD 43,2) y 34,5 (USD 10,6) soles, respectivamente. Factores como procedencia urbana, mayor nivel de educación, padecer enfermedades crónicas y mayores gastos per cápita aumentan hasta 1,6 veces la probabilidad de GBS. En los afiliados al Seguro Integral de Salud (SIS) se reduce el GBS en 63,0 soles (USD 19,3) comparado con aquellos sin ningún seguro de salud. Conclusiones. Seis de cada diez adultos mayores peruanos reportó GBS para atender su salud. Esto genera inequidad en el acceso a los servicios de salud, principalmente para los grupos socialmente vulnerables. Se sugiere investigar el impacto económico de los seguros sanitarios y el abordaje preventivo-promocional de las enfermedades crónicas, en aras de reducir el GBS y mejorar la eficiencia del sistema de salud peruano.

ABSTRACT Objectives . To estimate out-of-pocket spending on health (GBS) and identify its associated factors in Peruvian older adults. Materials and Methods. Analytical cross-sectional study of the National Household Survey on Living Conditions and Poverty (ENAHO) 2017. Older adults were considered to be all individuals aged 60 and over and the GBS was considered the main study variable. Prevalence ratios (PR) and adjusted prevalence ratios (PRa) were estimated for each of the factors associated with GBS. GBS means were estimated using a generalized linear model with gamma distribution and log binding function. All confidence intervals (95%) of the estimators were calculated by bootstrapping with the normal-based method. Results . Eighteen 386 older adults were included, of which 56.5% reported GBS. The mean and median GBS is S/. 140.8 (USD 43.2) and S/. 34.5 (USD 10.6), respectively. Factors such as urban origin, a higher level of education, chronic diseases and higher per capita expenses increase the probability of GBS by up to 1.6 times. In those affiliated to the Integral Health Insurance (SIS), the GBS is reduced by 63.0 soles (USD 19.3) compared to those without any health insurance. Conclusions . Six out of ten older Peruvian adults reported GBS to attend to their health needs. This generates an access inequity in terms of health services, mainly for socially-vulnerable groups. We suggest researching into the economic impact of health insurance and the preventive-promotional approach to chronic diseases, in order to reduce GBS and improve the efficiency of the Peruvian health system.

Análisis espacial del sobrepeso y la obesidad infantil en el Perú, 2014 / Spatial analysis of childhood obesity and overweight in Peru, 2014

RESUMEN Objetivos. Estimar las prevalencias regionales e identificar los patrones espaciales del grado de sobrepeso y obesidad por distritos, en menores de cinco años en el Perú durante el año 2014. Materiales y métodos. Análisis de la información reportada por el Sistema de Información del Estado Nutricional (SIEN) del número de casos de sobrepeso y obesidad en menores de cinco años registrados durante el año 2014. Se calcularon prevalencias regionales para sobrepeso y obesidad y sus respectivos intervalos de confianza al 95%. El índice de Moran fue utilizado para determinar los patrones de agrupación de distritos con altas prevalencia de sobrepeso y/o obesidad. Resultados. Se analizaron datos de 1834 distritos y 2 318 980 menores de cinco años, 158 738 casos (6,84%; IC 95%: 6,81-6,87) presentaron sobrepeso, mientras que 56 125 (2,42%; IC 95%: 2,40-2,44) obesidad. Las mayores prevalencias de sobrepeso fueron identificadas en las regiones de Tacna (13,9%), Moquegua (11,8%), Callao (10,4%), Lima (10,2%) e Ica (9,3%), y en las mismas regiones para obesidad con 5,3%; 4,3%; 4,0%; 4,0% y 3,8% respectivamente. El análisis espacial encontró agrupaciones distritales de altas prevalencias en un 10% del total de distritos tanto para sobrepeso y obesidad, identificándose 199 distritos para sobrepeso (126 urbanos y 73 rurales), y 184 para obesidad (136 urbanos y 48 rurales). Conclusiones. Se identificó las mayores prevalencias de sobrepeso y obesidad en regiones de la costa peruana. Asimismo, estas regiones son las que exhibieron predominantemente una agrupación espacial de distritos con altas prevalencias de sobrepeso y obesidad.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To estimate regional prevalence and identify the spatial patterns of the degree of overweight and obesity by districts in under five years children in Peru during 2014. Materials and methods. Analysis of the information reported by the Information System Nutritional Status (SIEN) of the number of cases of overweight and obesity in children under five years recorded during 2014. Regional prevalence for overweight and obesity, and their respective confidence intervals to 95% were calculated. Moran index was used to determine patterns of grouping districts with high prevalence of overweight and/or obesity. Results. Data from 1834 districts and 2,318,980 children under five years were analyzed. 158,738 cases (6.84%; CI 95%: 6.81 to 6.87) were overweight, while 56,125 (2.42%; CI 95%: 2.40 to 2.44) obesity. The highest prevalence of overweight were identified in the regions of Tacna (13.9%), Moquegua (11.8%), Callao (10.4%), Lima (10.2%) and Ica (9.3%), and in the same regions for obesity with 5.3%; 4.3%; 4.0%; 4.0% and 3.8% respectively. The spatial analysis found grouping districts of high prevalence in 10% of all districts for both overweight and obesity, identifying 199 districts for overweight (126 urban and 73 rural), and 184 for obesity (136 urban and 48 rural). Conclusions. The highest prevalence of overweight and obesity were identified in the Peruvian coast regions. Moreover, these regions are predominantly exhibited a spatial clustering of districts with high prevalence of overweight and obesity.

Distribución espacial de los accidentes y enfermedades relacionados con el trabajo en el Perú, 2012-2014 / Spatial distribution of accidents, incidents and diseases related to work in Peru, 2012-2014

Se analizaron geoespacialmente los accidentes, incidentes peligrosos y enfermedades ocupacionales que se reportaron a nivel regional en el Perú (2012-2014). 52 887 eventos se notificaron entre accidentes de trabajo (93%), incidentes peligrosos (5,1%), enfermedades ocupacionales (1%) y accidentes mortales (0,9%). Se evidenciaron altas tasas de accidentes mortales en Pasco, Callao, Lima, Moquegua y Arequipa. Callao y Lima son las regiones con tasas más altas de accidentes de trabajo. Las mayores tasas de incidentes peligrosos se reportaron en Arequipa, Callao, Lima, Ica y Piura. Las enfermedades ocupacionales se distribuyeron con altas tasas en Huancavelica, Ancash, Pasco, Callao y Cusco. La explotación de minas y canteras (49,2%); seguida por la industria manufacturera (23,4%); y, la construcción (8%) son las actividades económicas que concentraron elevadas tasas de enfermedades ocupacionales. Se concluye que existen altas tasas y patrones espaciales comunes de accidentabilidad en el Perú que pueden servir para enfocar intervenciones...

We analyzed geospatially accidents, incidents and diseases related to work of regional reports in Peru (2012-2014). The 52887 events were classified as work related accidents (93%), dangerous incidents (5.1%), occupational diseases (1%) and fatal accidents (0.9%). The highest rates of fatal accidents were reported in Pasco, Callao, Lima, Moquegua and Arequipa. Callao and Lima are the regions with the highest rates of occupational accidents. The highest rates of dangerous incidents were reported in Arequipa, Callao, Lima, Ica and Piura. Occupational diseases are distributed with high rates in Huancavelica, Ancash, Pasco, Callao and Cusco. The economic activities that reported most of the occupational diseases were mining and quarrying (49.2%); followed by manufacturing industry (23.4%); and construction (8%). It is concluded that there are high rates and common spatial patterns of laboral accidents in Peru that could be used by decision makers to focus interventions...