Bone mineral density and diet of teachers of college of home economics at Lahore

To evaluate the Bone Mineral Density [BMD] and diet of teachers of a Govt. College of Home Economics in Lahore. It was survey research. Purposive sampling technique was adopted for the selection of 50 teachers from Govt. College of Home Economics of age group 30 - 60 years. About 46% of the subjects had BMD ratio in between -2.58 to -4.0 [Osteoporotic category]. The root cause of low BMD ratio was not really age related but in majority of the sample it was due to sedentary life style and lack of awareness about the importance of exercise in relation to bone health. The total mineral and vitamin intake required for bone health [calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and vitamin D] was below the recommended, among majority of the sample

Use of supravital toluidine blue staining to improve the efficiency of fine-needle aspiration cytology reporting in comparison to papanicolaou stain

To see the efficiency, adequacy and accuracy of toluidine blue stained smears of FNAC of Breast thyroid and salivary glands swelling with comparison to conventional stained FNAC smears witt Papanicolaou. A total of 114 aspirates from various sites were included in the study. The smears were stainec with toluidine blue and conventional Papanicolaou stain and the cytomorphology of both the smears were compared. The values were tabulated and statistical tests of significance was applied. Of the 114 aspirates included in our study the diagnostic accuracy by using papanicolaou wa 78%, while it was upto 100% with supravital toluidine blue stained smears. The percentage of inadequacy was reduced to just 25%. The observations were statistically significant. Breast 37/48 [77%] and Salivar glands 11748 [23%] respectively. The most commonly used categorization of a five-tier system was used for reporting of breast cytology, with categories ranging from insufficient materials [C1], benign [C2], atypics [C3], suspicious of malignancy [C4], or [C5] frankly malignant. Most of breast lesions were benign 2 [67.56%]. There were only 9 [24.32%] malignant cases followed by 2 cases of C-4 and one case of C-3. Benig thyroid lesion were more frequent comprising of 51 [72.27%] cases. One case [1.5%] of papillary carcinoma was found while 13 case were follicular lesions. There were 4 [36.4%] cases of pleomorphic adenoma an 3 [27.3] cases of non-specific sialadenitis. There was one case [9%] of each lesion for mucoepidermoi carcinoma, adenoidcytic carcinoma and benign cyst. Toluidine blue stained study of FNAC improves the diagnostic accuracy by minimizing the smearing and drying artifact, loss of cell sample during fixation and staining which influences the diagnost accuracy

Adverse drug reactions of first line anti-tuberculosis drugs used in DOTS implemented setting in Lahore

Background: Tuberculosis [TB] is a major health problem in most countries despite the availability of effective chemotherapy. The frequency and nature of anti-TB drugs induced adverse drug reactions [ADRs] have been matter of concern in many countries. In our programme patients take their medicines under the direct observation of a health care provider. It is therefore, important to monitor ADRs and increase awareness of health care providers about ADRs and their management

Objective: To get an over view of adverse drug reactions caused by first line anti-tuberculosis drugs used in the treatment of TB cases in directly observed therapy short course [DOTS]

Study design, settings and duration: This descriptive observational study was carried out at chest clinic of Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore for a period of one year

Patients and Methods: Patient aged >/=15 years of age registered for treatment of tuberculosis in treatment category I at Model Chest Clinic, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore were included in the study after obtaining consent. All patients were advised to visit health facility immediately if they had any feeling of drug reaction

Results: A total of 760 TB patients registered in treatment category I were included in the study. Out of 760 patients, 306 [40.2%] patients showed Adverse Drug Reactions [ADR] with anti TB drugs. Joint pain was the most common ADR, reported by 16.7% patients followed by skin itching in 11.5%, anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain in 7.63% and jaundice in 3.68% patients. Rash and visual impairment was reported by 0.26% each. Within gender, ADRs were mostly reported by females [41.9%] as compared to male patients [37.6%]. Age wise majority [36%] of ADRs were reported by patients aged between 15-54 years as compared to those aged 55 years or above [4.2%]. Most adverse effects settled themselves or with addition of some anti-allergic drugs for few days and in only 4.2% cases one or more ant TB drugs had to be discontinued

Conclusion: ADRs were observed in 40.2% TB patients but most reactions were of mild intensity and settled without any intervention. Only 4.2% reaction were severe enough to stop the drug and replace it with another drug

Gestational diabetes; to compare the efficacy of metformin with insulin in diabetes mellitus in terms of fetomaternal outcome

Objectives: To compare the efficacy of Metformin with insulin in gestational diabetes mellitus in terms of fetomaternal outcome

Study Deign: Randomized clinical trial study

Setting: Lady Aitchison Hospital Lahore

Period: January 2014 to March 2015

Methodology: Total 500 pregnant females with GDM were included in the study through nonprobability, consecutive sampling. Patients were divided into 2 equal groups [A: B]. Patients in group A were given tablet metformin 500 mg by oral route and group B was administrated regular injection Insulin by subcutaneous route

Results: The mean age of females was 32.14 +/- 6.13 years. The mean gestational age was 31.07 +/- 3.8 weeks. There were 78 [15.6%] females who had 0 parity, 107 [21.4%] females had parity 1, 175 [35%] females had parity 2, 95 [19%] females had parity 3, 33 [6.6%] females had parity 4 and 12 [2.4%] females had parity 5.There were 54 [10.8%] cases had PTB, out of which 12 [4.8%] had PTB with metformin while 42 [16.8%] had PTB with insulin. There were 115 [23%] neonates required NICU admission, out of which 37 [14.8%] neonates with metforminand78 [31.2%] neonates with insulin. There were 87 [17%] neonates who had neonatal hypoglycemia, out of which 23 [9.2%] neonates with metformin and64 [25.6%] neonates with insulin. The difference was significant between both groups for all fetal outcomes [P<0.05]

Conclusion: The metformin is more effective in preventing adverse fetal and maternal outcome as compared to insulin

Anemic patients; relationship of frequency and severity of iron deficiency anemia with preterm labor and eventual perinatal outcome

Pregnant women are particularly considered to be the most vulnerable group because of the additional demands that are made on maternal stores during pregnancy. The iron deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional deficiency problems in females and is responsible of high maternal death rate in our society

Objectives: to determine the relationship of frequency and severity of iron deficiency anemia to preterm labor and eventual perinatal out come in anemic patients

Study Design: it was a case control study

Study Setting: in Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit-III, Sir Ganga Ram hospital, Lahore from July 2012 to June 2013

Methodology: the study was conducted on 200 patients [100 cases and 100 controls] were studied. Cases were patients admitted in labor room with preterm labor and Controls were females in labor at term at. Convenience sampling was done. On admission relevant history taking examination and investigation were done. The data was collected on a Performa

Results: there were 50 patients with anemia amongst the patients with preterm labor. In the control group, 40 patients were suffering from anemia. In the patients with preterm labor the mean hemoglobin was 9.83 grams/deciliter. In the control group the mean hemoglobin was 10.3gm/dl. [Pregnant women having hemoglobin <10 gm/dl are considered to be anemic]. The odds ratio was calculated to be 3.4 and P value was <0.05

Conclusions: iron deficiency anemia was associated with increased risk for low birth weight, preterm delivery, and perinatal mortality. The frequency of iron-deficiency anemia was seen in both groups of pregnant women

Protein content of some available breads for sale at Rawalpindi and Islamabad

Sixty three samples of six brands of commercially available breads and different bakery breads sold in Rawalpindi and Islamabad were analyzed for their content of protein. The samples consisted of plain bread and milk bread. It was found that commercially available breads had higher content of proteins except in one brand where milk protein had a lower protein content as compared to the plain bread. Bakery prepared breads had wide fluctuations in their protein content