Influência da progesterona injetável na taxa de prenhez e perda gestacional de fêmeas nelore de distintas categorias reprodutivas submetidas a inseminação artificial em tempo fixo / Influence of injectable progesterone on the pregnancy rate and gestational loss of Nellore females of different reproductive categories undergoing fixed-time artificial insemination

Progesterone (P4) is essential for embryonic development and maintenance of pregnancy when deficiency causes early embryonic loss. In this study, we investigated the ability of hormonal supplementation to improve the fertility of Nellore females subjected to fixed-time artificial insemination (IATF) protocols. Here, we evaluated the effect of long-acting injectable progesterone (iP4) supplementation in the D4 after IATF on pregnancy rate and pregnancy loss in Nellore females (Bos taurus indicus) from different reproductive categories in Western Amazonia. Eight hundred thirteen Nellore females from 5 farms were selected and distributed into 2 groups: control [GC; administration of 0.5 mL of 0.9% saline solution, intramuscularly - IM] (n = 407) and a group that received injectable progesterone (iP4) that was long-acting [GiP4; administration of 0.5 mL of iP4, 300 mg, via IM four days after IATF] (n = 406). Each group contained 3 subgroups: heifers, primiparous cows, and multiparous cows. Of the 407 animals in the CG, 103 were heifers, 107 primiparous, and 197 multiparous. Of the 406 animals in the GiP4 group, there were 101 heifers, 107 primiparous, and 198 multiparous. On a random day of the estrous cycle (D0), an intravaginal device containing 1 g of P4 and 2 mg of estradiol benzoate (BE) was inserted by intramuscular injection. On D8, the P4 device was removed and 150 µg of D-cloprostenol (PGF2α), 300 IU eCG, and 1 mg BE were administered IM. Cows were inseminated at D10, 48-52 h after procedure on D8. Pregnancy diagnosis was made between 35 and 40 days after insemination through ultrasound examination. Between 80 and 90 days after insemination, a new ultrasound examination was performed to assess early pregnancy loss. The data were processed using the SAS 9.2. The conception rate, pregnancy loss, and final conception rate were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX according to groups (CG and GiP4), categories (heifers, primiparous and multiparous), and their interactions as variables. The differences in the means of least squares were adjusted using the Tukey­Kramer method. Statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05. The general conception rate was 46% (375/816). Regardless of the animal class, GiP4 animals (51.97%) had higher conception rates (P < 0.05) than CG (40.29%). In the subgroups (heifers, primiparous and multiparous cows), there was a difference (P < 0.05) between animals treated with iP4 (52.48%, 57.94%, and 48.48%, respectively) and those who were not (39.81%, 41.12%, and 40.10%, respectively). Gestational losses, regardless of the animal class, were higher in females in the CG (7.93%) [P < 0.05] compared to those in the GiP4 group (2.84%). Regardless of treatment with iP4, the percentage of gestational loss in heifers was significantly higher (10.64%) than that in primiparous and multiparous cows (3.77% and 2.86%, respectively). The final conception rates were higher in animals that received long-acting iP4, which increased the final pregnancy in all parity categories. In the present study, the use of iP4 increased the pregnancy rate in Nellore females, regardless of the category. Although there has been no consensus on the use of iP4, there is an agreement that increases in the pregnancy rate are related to the moment of exogenous P4 application. In addition to influencing the pregnancy rate, reduction in pregnancy losses is also attributed to iP4 treatment, a fact demonstrated in the present study, where animals treated with iP4 had a lower pregnancy loss rate than normally occurs in beef cattle. Supplementation with long-acting iP4 increased the pregnancy rate at D35-40, reduced pregnancy losses, and increased the conception rate on D80-90 days in Nellore females reared in the Western Amazon, regardless of the animal category.(AU)

Synchronization of estrus in paca (Cuniculus paca L. ): possible impacts on reproductive and productive parameters / Sincronização do estro em pacas (Cuniculus paca L. ): possíveis impactos sobre parâmetros reprodutivos e produtivos

Estrus synchronization is a reproductive biotechnology used to improve artificial insemination or pairing through the manipulation of the estrous cycle at a desirable time. Employing this technique in captive pacas (Cuniculus paca L.) is important because it creates expectation of meeting the demand for paca meat and, consequently, reduces poaching. Thus, this research aims to verify the effect of a progestogen implant associated with two doses of eCG on the synchronization and induction of fertile estrus. Twenty-seven adult pacas were used, 18 non-pregnant females and nine males, divided into three groups. G1 and G2 females groups (treatments) received 1.5 mg Norgestomet and were injected intramuscularly, seven days later, with 0.13 mg of prostaglandin. After 24 hours the implants were removed and the animals immediately received 25 IU and 50 IU of ECG intramuscularly, respectively. The mating of the three groups took place on the same days. G3 females' group (control) showed estrus on different days after D0. Females under treatment displayed estrus only after removing the implant (D8). G1, G2, and G3 pregnancy rates were 100%, 66%, and 50%, respectively. Regarding births per parturition, 100% of G1 and G3 produced one offspring, while 50% of G2 produced two. Progestogen in the form of subcutaneous implants was effective in mimicking the luteal phase of the estrous cycle. After removal, implants favored the occurrence of a fertile estrus. As a conclusion, further studies must be conducted in order to establish in-depth possible association between 50 IU of eCG, and the occurrence of twin pregnancies.(AU)

A sincronização é uma biotécnica reprodutiva que melhora a porcentagem de cobertura por meio da manipulação do ciclo estral. Empregar esta biotécnica em pacas de cativeiro (Cuniculus paca L.) é importante, pois cria-se a expectativa de que a demanda pela carne seja atendida e a caça ilegal diminua. O objetivo da pesquisa foi verificar o efeito de implantes de progestágenos associados a duas doses de gonadotrofina coriônica equina (eCG) na sincronização e indução de cios férteis de pacas. Foram utilizadas 18 fêmeas não prenhas e nove machos, divididos em três grupos. Fêmeas do G1 e G2 receberam implantes com 1,5mg de Norgestomet e, sete dias depois, 0,13mg de prostaglandina via intramuscular (IM). No dia 8 (D8), foram retirados os implantes e G1 e G2 receberam 25 UI e 50 UI de eCG, IM, respectivamente; G3 foi o controle. O pareamento nos três grupos aconteceu nos mesmos dias. As fêmeas do G3 apresentaram cio alguns dias após o dia zero (D0). Fêmeas que receberam tratamento apresentaram cio só após a retirada do implante no dia 8 (D8). As taxas de prenhez de G1, G2 e G3 atingiram 100%, 66% e 50%, respectivamente. Em relação a filhotes por parto, 100% do G1 e G3 produziram uma cria, enquanto 50% do G2 produziram duas crias. O progestágeno do implante foi eficaz em mimetizar a fase lútea do ciclo estral. Após a remoção, o tratamento hormonal favoreceu a ocorrência de cio fértil. Outros estudos devem ser realizados a fim de estabelecer uma possível associação entre 50 UI de eCG e a ocorrência de gestações gemelares.(AU)

Influência da raça do touro (Bos indicus x Bos taurus) na tolerância ao estresse térmico calórico de embriões bovinos produzidos in vitro / Influence of sire breed (Bos indicus vs Bos taurus) on heat stress tolerance of in vitro-produced bovine embryos

Para melhor compreender as diferenças entre zebuínos e taurinos em relação à resistência ao ETC, objetivou-se verificar se a resistência ao ETC é resultado da contribuição genética do oócito, do espermatozoide ou de ambos. Oócitos de vacas das raças Nelore e mestiças com fenótipo predominante da raça Holandesa preto e branco (mHPB) foram coletados, maturados e fertilizados com espermatozoide de touros das raças Nelore (N), Angus (An), Brahman (Bra) e Gir (Gir). Noventa e seis horas pós-inseminação (hpi), embriões > 16 células foram separados ao acaso em dois grupos: controle e ETC. Embriões do grupo controle foram cultivados a 39 ºC continuamente e do grupo ETC expostos a 41 ºC por 12 horas, retornando a seguir para 39 ºC. Não foi observado efeito do ETC nas raças estudadas, sem redução nas taxas de blastocisto e blastocisto eclodido. As taxas de clivagem e mórula dos embriões mHPB x Gir foram inferiores (p < 0,05) às das demais raças. As raças mHPB x N apresentaram taxas de blastocisto superiores as raças mHPB x An e mHPB x Gir (p < 0,05). Concluiu-se que a contribuição genética do oócito é mais importante do que a do espermatozoide, uma vez que a raça do touro não influenciou a resistência embrionária ao ETC.

To better understand the differences related to HS resistance between Bos indicus and Bos taurus, we aim to verify if the HS tolerance is due mostly to the genetic contribution from the oocyte, spermatozoa or both. Oocytes from Nelore and crossbreed Holstein cows (cHST) were collected, matured and fertilized with semen from Nelore (N), Angus (An), Brahman (Bra) and Gir (Gir) bulls. Nine six hours post insemination (hpi), > 16 cells embryos were separated in two groups: control and HS. In control group, embryos were cultured at 39 ºC, whereas in the HS group, embryos were subjected to 41 ºC for 12 h, and then returned to 39 ºC. There was no effect of HS on blastocyst and hatched blastocyst rates in all breeds analyzed. The percentage of oocytes that cleaved and reached morula stage was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in cHST x Gir as compared to the other breeds. Additionally, blastocyst rates was higher in cHST x N than in cHST x An and cHST x Gir (p < 0.05). It was concluded that the oocyte is more important than the spermatozoa for the development of thermotolerance, since the breed of the bull did not influence embryo development after HS.

Influência da raça do touro (Bos indicus x Bos taurus) na tolerância ao estresse térmico calórico de embriões bovinos produzidos in vitro / Influence of sire breed (Bos indicus vs Bos taurus) on heat stress tolerance of in vitro-produced bovine embryos

Para melhor compreender as diferenças entre zebuínos e taurinos em relação à resistência ao ETC, objetivou-se verificar se a resistência ao ETC é resultado da contribuição genética do oócito, do espermatozoide ou de ambos. Oócitos de vacas das raças Nelore e mestiças com fenótipo predominante da raça Holandesa preto e branco (mHPB) foram coletados, maturados e fertilizados com espermatozoide de touros das raças Nelore (N), Angus (An), Brahman (Bra) e Gir (Gir). Noventa e seis horas pós-inseminação (hpi), embriões > 16 células foram separados ao acaso em dois grupos: controle e ETC. Embriões do grupo controle foram cultivados a 39 ºC continuamente e do grupo ETC expostos a 41 ºC por 12 horas, retornando a seguir para 39 ºC. Não foi observado efeito do ETC nas raças estudadas, sem redução nas taxas de blastocisto e blastocisto eclodido. As taxas de clivagem e mórula dos embriões mHPB x Gir foram inferiores (p < 0,05) às das demais raças. As raças mHPB x N apresentaram taxas de blastocisto superiores as raças mHPB x An e mHPB x Gir (p < 0,05). Concluiu-se que a contribuição genética do oócito é mais importante do que a do espermatozoide, uma vez que a raça do touro não influenciou a resistência embrionária ao ETC.

To better understand the differences related to HS resistance between Bos indicus and Bos taurus, we aim to verify if the HS tolerance is due mostly to the genetic contribution from the oocyte, spermatozoa or both. Oocytes from Nelore and crossbreed Holstein cows (cHST) were collected, matured and fertilized with semen from Nelore (N), Angus (An), Brahman (Bra) and Gir (Gir) bulls. Nine six hours post insemination (hpi), > 16 cells embryos were separated in two groups: control and HS. In control group, embryos were cultured at 39 ºC, whereas in the HS group, embryos were subjected to 41 ºC for 12 h, and then returned to 39 ºC. There was no effect of HS on blastocyst and hatched blastocyst rates in all breeds analyzed. The percentage of oocytes that cleaved and reached morula stage was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in cHST x Gir as compared to the other breeds. Additionally, blastocyst rates was higher in cHST x N than in cHST x An and cHST x Gir (p < 0.05). It was concluded that the oocyte is more important than the spermatozoa for the development of thermotolerance, since the breed of the bull did not influence embryo development after HS.