Urinary tract infection in children: review of diagnosis, management and prevention

Urinary tract infection [UTI] is the second most common infection in children. It causes morbidity that can lead to long term medical problems including hypertension and reduced renal function through the process of renal scarring. Accurate diagnosis is of extreme importance in order to permit identification. Treatment and evaluation of those children who are at risk of kidney damage. In addition, avoidance of unnecessary or costly investigations should be a priority for the treating physician. The diagnostic work up should be tailored to uncover functional and structural abnormalities such as dysfunctional voiding, vesicoureteric reflux and obstructive uropathy. Antibiotic prophylaxis for long periods is used in patients with reflux or recurrent UTI who are at risk of subsequent complications

Headache and blood pressure in primary health care setting in Kuwait

To identify the types of headache among patients, presenting at a primary health care setting, and to determine the correlation between headache and high blood pressure [BP]. This was a cross-sectional study administered in 2 primary health care centers [Fintas and AbuHalifa] of a regional health district in Kuwait from March 2003 to June 2003. Our study included 290 patients with different types of headache, and requested for BP measurement. The sample included patients, in the age group 15-80 years with an overall mean age of 41 [+13 SD] years. The male to female ratio was 1:2.7 and the majority [85%] of patients were Kuwaitis. Tension headache was the most frequent diagnosis [61.7%] among patients presenting with headache, followed by migraine [11.7%]. The normal systolic BP was <140 mm Hg [52.8%], while 59% had normal diastolic BP, below 90 mm Hg. Increasing age was found to be associated with high BP levels [p<0.001]. Diastolic BP was found significantly higher among males [p<0.01] Tension headache had higher levels of BP while migraine was found to have low levels. None of the sinusitis headache patients had high BP. Positive history of hypertension was found associated with high systolic and diastolic BP in tension and other type of headache [p<0.001]. Headache is a very common symptom among patients presenting at the general practice health care setting, with most cases diagnosed with tension-type headache, and females out numbering males. There was no positive correlation between headache and high BP. Physicians should discourage their patients from considering headache as a measure of their BP status