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Purpose@#Reliable landmarks of ankle syndesmosis change in various positions is important for managing ankle injury. The purpose of our study was to investigate and compare radiographic landmarks of normal ankle in various positions. @*Methods@#The study involved both ankle radiographs of 30 subjects (15 males, 15 females) without clinical or radiographic abnormality. Tibiofibular clear space (TFCS) and tibiofibular overlap (TFO) were measured on anteroposterior (AP) and mortise radiographs in non-standing (NS) and standing (S) neutral and dorsiflexion 10° (DF10) and 20° (DF20). The radiographic measurements were used to calculate means, standard deviations, and intra- and interobserver reliabilities, and compare TFCS and TFO in various positions and genders. @*Results@#On the AP view, the mean TFCS in NS, S, DF10, and DF20 positions were 4.00±0.97, 4.00±0.83, 4.35±0.95, and 4.45±0.89 mm and the mean TFO on the same positions were 6.58±2.27, 4.27±1.90, 3.44±1.96, and 2.38±1.91 mm. On the mortise view, the mean TFCS in NS, DF10, and DF20 positions were 3.62±0.88, 4.08±0.86, and 3.88±0.97 mm and the mean TFO on the same positions were 3.57±2.13, 2.31±1.77, and 3.57±2.14 mm. The reliabilities in all positions except TFCS on some positions were excellent. No measurement was significantly different between females and males except TFO in NS on mortise view (p=0.006) and DF10 on AP view (p=0.032). @*Conclusion@#Increase of TFCS and decrease of TFO on AP view reflects syndesmosis change from NS to DF20 on standing. Clinically, the effect of weight-bearing and reliability of TFO should be considered.
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Advance in stem cells (SCs) has become significant by the isolation of the tissue-specific SCs in a tissue, because it is the beginning of using SC utility for regenerative medicine. Likewise in SCs, a small subpopulation of cancer cells, named cancer stem cells (CSCs), also have similar properties. These properties include indefinite self-renewal potential and sharing similar signaling pathways with normal SCs, because the originality of CSCs is from the mutation of normal SCs. Hierarchically, CSCs in solid tumors may organize from the normal SCs in the highest cellular hierarchy of these cancer cells. The functional assay techniques to assess the differentiation frequency of normal SCs are similarly used in CSCs to sustain tumor growth and recurrence after therapy. In this review, we discuss the different parallels between adult SCs and CSCs in solid cancer disease and applications toward targeted therapy in use of molecular level on CSCs.