The impact of anti-smoking laws on high school students in Ankara, Turkey / O impacto das leis antifumo em alunos do ensino médio em Ancara, Turquia

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To determine the factors affecting the smoking habits of high school students, their thoughts about changes resulting from anti-smoking laws, and how they are affected by those laws. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 11th-grade students at eight high schools in Ankara, Turkey, were invited to complete a questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 1,199 students completed the questionnaire satisfactorily. The mean age of the respondents was 17.0  0.6 years; 56.1% were female, of whom 15.3% were smokers; and 43.9% were male, of whom 43.7% were smokers (p < 0.001). The independent risk factors for smoking were male gender, attending a vocational school, having a sibling who smokes, having a friend who smokes, and poor academic performance. Of the respondents, 74.7% were aware of the content of anti-smoking laws; 81.8% approved of the restrictions and fines; and 8.1% had quit smoking because of those laws. According to the respondents, the interventions that were most effective were the (television) broadcast of films about the hazards of smoking and the ban on cigarette sales to minors. The prevalence of smoking was highest (31.5%) among students attending vocational high schools but lowest (7.5%) among those attending medical vocational high schools. Although 57.1% of the smokers were aware of the existence of a smoking cessation helpline, only 3.7% had called, none of whom had made any attempt to quit smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Although most of the students evaluated were aware of the harmful effects of smoking and approved of the anti-smoking laws, only a minority of those who smoked sought professional help to quit.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Determinar os fatores que afetam os hábitos de fumar de estudantes do ensino médio, seus pensamentos sobre as mudanças resultantes das leis antifumo e como eles são afetados por essas leis. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo transversal, alunos do 11º ano de oito escolas de ensino médio em Ancara, Turquia, foram convidados para preencher um questionário. RESULTADOS: Preencheram o questionário 1.199 estudantes de forma satisfatória. A média de idade dos participantes foi de 17,0  0,6 anos; 56,1% eram mulheres; das quais 15,3% eram fumantes; e 43,9% eram homens, dos quais 43,7% eram fumantes (p < 0,001). Os fatores de risco independentes para o tabagismo foram ser homem, frequentar escola técnica, ter um irmão/irmã que fuma, ter um amigo que fuma e ter baixo desempenho acadêmico. Dos participantes, 74,7% conheciam o conteúdo das leis antifumo; 8,1% aprovavam as restrições e multas, e 8,1% haviam cessado o tabagismo devido a essas leis. Na opinião dos participantes, as intervenções mais efetivas foram a exibição de curtas na TV sobre os malefícios do tabagismo e a proibição da venda de cigarros a menores. A prevalência do tabagismo foi maior (31,5%) nos estudantes de escolas técnicas, mas menor (7,5%) nos estudantes de escolas técnicas médicas. Embora 57,1% dos fumantes soubessem da existência de um serviço telefônico de ajuda para a cessação tabágica, somente 3,7% haviam ligado para esse serviço, mas nenhum tentou parar de fumar. CONCLUSÕES: Embora a maioria dos alunos avaliados conhecesse os efeitos deletérios do tabagismo e aprovasse as leis antifumo, apenas uma minoria dos fumantes procurou ajuda profissional para a cessação tabágica.

Alta frecuencia de variación de la secuencia de la mutación E148Q en niños con fiebre mediterránea familiar en el sureste de Turquía / High frequency of E148Q sequence variation in children with familial Mediterranean fever in southeast Turkey

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el espectro de las mutaciones genéticas localizadas en el gen de la fiebre mediterránea (MEFV) y la correlación entre el genotipo y el fenotipo en niños con fiebre mediterránea familiar (FMF) en el sureste de Turquía. Métodos: En el estudio se incluyeron 507 niños (274 eran de sexo femenino) con FMF y mutaciones genéticas localizadas en el gen MEFV. Se realizó una evaluación retrospectiva de 15 años; y se analizaron los siguientes parámetros: edad, sexo, edad al inicio de los síntomas, edad al diagnóstico de la FMF, demora entre el inicio de los síntomas y el diagnóstico, síntomas de ataque de la FMF y respuesta a la colchicina. Se calcularon los índices de severidad de la enfermedad y se realizó el análisis de la mutación del genMEFV mediante PCR en tiempo real para las seis mutaciones más frecuentes. Con el fin de aportar homogeneidad, se excluyeron los niños con comorbilidades o con un resultado negativo en las pruebas de mutaciones del gen MEFV. Resultados: Se encontró que el 60,2% (n= 305) de los pacientes tenían antecedentes familiares. Los síntomas más frecuentes que manifestaron durante los ataques de FMF fueron dolor abdominal (98,0%), fiebre (93,9%) y artralgia (47,3%); el 75,0% de los pacientes (n= 380) eran heterocigotos; el 14,2% homocigotos (n= 72) y el 10,8% heterocigotos compuestos (n= 55). Se identificaron las siguientes mutaciones en los alelos del gen MEFV: E148Q (40,1%), M694V (25,9%), V726A (15,8%), R761H (7,4%), M680I (6,8%), y P369S (4,1%). En el subgrupo M694V se observó una edad media más joven de inicio de la enfermedad y un puntaje medio más alto de gravedad de la enfermedad, mientras que el grupo E148Q tuvo un inicio medio de enfermedad más tardío y un puntaje medio más bajo de severidad de la enfermedad (p <0,05). Conclusión: La frecuencia más alta de la mutación E148Q y la enfermedad más leve en la evolución de la FMF en la población de nuestro estudio quizás se deba a las diferencias étnicas del sureste de Turquía.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the spectrum of Mediterranean fever (MEFV) gene mutations and genotype-phenotype correlation in children with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) in southeast Turkey. Methods: A total of 507 children (274 females) with FMF and MEFV gene mutation(s) were included. A 15-year retrospective evaluation was conducted; parameters analyzed were: age, sex, age at symptoms onset, age at FMF diagnosis, delay between symptoms onset and diagnosis, FMF attack symptoms, and response to colchicine. Disease severity scores were calculated and MEFV mutation analysis was performed via real-time PCR for the 6 most frequent mutations. Children with comorbid diseases or tested negative for MEFV gene mutations were excluded to provide homogeneity. Results: A family history of FMF was found in 60.2% (n= 305) of patients. The most common symptoms reported for FMF attacks were abdominal pain (98.0%), fever (93.9%) and arthralgia (47.3%); 75.0% of patients (n= 380) were heterozygous, 14.2% were homozygous (n= 72) and 10.8% were compound heterozygous (n= 55).The following MEFV gene mutation alleles were identified: E148Q (40.1%), M694V (25.9%), V726A (15.8%), R761H (7.4%), M680I (6.8%), and P369S (4.1%). The M694V subgroup had the lowest mean age of disease onset and the highest mean disease severity score, whereas the E148Q group had later mean disease onset and the lowest mean disease severity score (p<0.05). Conclusion: The highest E148Q mutation frequency and milder disease in the course of FMF in our study population may be due to geographic and ethnic background dissimilarities of southeast Turkey.

Tuberculosis congènita: presentación de un caso infrecuente / Congenital tuberculosis: presentation of a rare case

La tuberculosis congènita es una enfermedad rara, con alta tasa de mortalidad. Es considerada el resultado de la transmisión vertical de la infección desde la placenta al feto, a través de la aspiración de líquido amniótico o por vía transplacentaria a través de las venas umbilicales. El diagnóstico de la enfermedad suele ser difícil porque los signos clínicos son inespecíficos. Se presenta el caso de un lactante varón de 48 días de vida, que fue internado por pérdida de peso, fiebre, tos, hemoptisis y dificultad respiratoria durante los últimos 20 días. Había recibido antibióticos de amplio espectro durante ese lapso, sin presentar mejoría. La radiografía de tórax mostró una consolidación con una lesión cavitaria en los campos medio y superior izquierdo. Se detectó Mycobacterium tuberculosis por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en una muestra tomada por lavado broncoalveolar y, con ese hallazgo, se diagnosticó tuberculosis congènita. Se comenzó, entonces, el tratamiento con tuberculostáticos. El paciente falleció al 13er día de tratamiento. En lactantes con pérdida de peso, fiebre, tos, hemoptisis y dificultad respiratoria, debiera considerarse la posibilidad de tuberculosis congénita.

Congenital tuberculosis is a rare disease with a high mortality rate. Congenital tuberculosis is considered the result of mother-to-child transmission from the placenta to the fetus, through the ingestion of the amniotic fluid, or via transplacental transmission through the umbilical vein. Given the non-specific clinical signs of tuberculosis, it is usually difficult to diagnose it. The case of a 48-day-old male infant hospitalized due to weight loss, fever, cough, hemoptysis, and respiratory distress for the past 20 days, is presented. In this period, he had received broad spectrum antibiotics but with no improvement. A chest x-ray showed the presence of consolidation and a cavitary lesion in the upper and middle left lung fields. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was detected by polymerase chain reaction in a bronchoalveolar lavage specimen. Congenital tuberculosis was diagnosed based on this finding; hence, a tuberculostatic regimen was started accordingly. The patient died 13 days after treatment initiation. Congenital tuberculosis should be considered in infants with weight loss, fever, cough, hemoptysis and respiratory distress.