A cytohistological correlation in salivary gland swelling with special reference to the proposed Milan system

Context and Background: Cytological grading of salivary gland lesion, which is a simple, cost-effective, and reproducible method, can be used as a tool for the selection of treatment modality. The proposed Milan classification establishes one guideline for reporting of salivary gland cytology and thus helps in individualized treatment and follow-up. Aims and Objectives: (1) The aims and objectives of this study were to establish the validity and reliability of the Milan classification of cytological grading in salivary gland swelling and (2) to calculate the malignancy risk. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was designed in clinically diagnosed salivary gland swelling at the Department of Pathology of a tertiary care referral hospital. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) was done, and stained smears were examined under light microscope and cytological findings were noted according to the Milan classification. Tissue for the histopathological study was obtained in 119 cases. The previous cytological findings were compared to subsequent histopathology report. Results: Among 119 FNAs, 2.5% were nondiagnostic and 55.4% were nonneoplastic. While no samples were placed in the atypia of undetermined significance category, benign tumors accounted for 25.2%. About 1.7% was grouped in the salivary gland neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential, 2.5% of cases were categorized as suspicious of malignancy, and 12.6% of cases comprised as malignant tumors. Overall, malignancy risk was observed to be the highest (93.3%) in Category 6 and lowest (3.0%) in nonneoplastic category. Conclusions: The six-tier diagnostic categories of the Milan classification scheme help in segregating patients with salivary gland lesions into the management categories of follow-up, conservative surgery, and radical surgery with/without chemotherapy.

Comparison study of clinicoradiological profile of primary lung cancer cases: An Eastern India experience.

Context: According to the first population-based cancer registry from eastern part of India, Kolkata and its surrounding areas have the highest prevalence of lung cancer in India. However, there is very limited data from this part of the country. Aims: The aim of this study is to find out the demographic and clinicoradiological profile of primary bronchogenic carcinoma. Settings and Design: This is a retrospective review of lung cancer cases diagnosed in two tertiary institutes of Kolkata over a period of 4 years. Materials and Methods: We have reviewed the cases with proven histological or cytological diagnosis of primary bronchogenic carcinoma and chi-square test is done to calculate statistical significance. Results: Out of 607 patients, male 489 and female 118, 67.7% are from rural area, 67.2% are smoker and only 9.4% are ≤40 years of age. Smoking is the major risk factor for primary lung cancer (P = 0.000) but no significance could be established with the different histological subtypes (P = 0.207). Though squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most predominant variety (35.1%), adenocarcinoma and undifferentiated type are overrepresented in ≤40 years. SCC occurs at a significantly higher age group (60.84 ± 12.16 years) than other subtypes (P = 0.000). At least 55.2% cases of nonsmall cell lung cancer and 54% of small cell lung cancer presented in very advanced stage. Conclusions: SCC is the most common histological subtype of primary bronchogenic carcinoma. The relatively increased frequency of adenocarcinoma in our study as compared to other studies from India is probably due to higher proportion of nonsmokers.

Association of deletion in the chromosomal 8p21.3-23 region with the development of invasive head & neck squamous cell carcinoma in Indian patients.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Deletions in chromosome 8 (chr.8) have been shown to be necessary for the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Attempts have been made in this study to detect the minimal deleted region in chr.8 associated with the development of HNSCC in Indian patients and to study the association of clinicopathological features with the progression of the disease. METHODS: The deletion mapping of chr.8 was done in samples from 10 primary dysplastic lesions and 43 invasive squamous cell carcinomas from the head and neck region of Indian patients to detect allelic alterations (deletion or size alteration) using 12 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers. The association of the highly deleted region was correlated with the tumour node metastasis (TNM) stages, nodal involvement, tobacco habit and human papilloma virus (HPV) infection of the samples. RESULTS: High frequency (49%) of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was seen within 13.12 megabase (Mb) region of chromosomal 8p21.3-23 region in the HNSCC samples, whereas the dysplastic samples did not show any allelic alterations in this region. The highest frequency (17%) of microsatellite size alterations (MA) was observed in the chr.8p22 region. The loss of short arm or normal copy of chr.8 and rare bi-allelic alterations were seen in the stage II-IV tumours (939, 5184, 2772, 1319 and 598) irrespective of their primary sites. The highly deleted region did not show any significant association with any of the clinical parameters. However, HPV infection was significantly associated (P < 0.05) with the differentiation grades and overall allelic alterations (LOH/MA) of the samples. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that the 13.12 Mb deleted region in the chromosomal 8p21.3-23 region could harbour candidate tumour suppressor gene(s) (TSGs) associated with the progression anti invasion of HNSCC tumours in Indian patients.

Influence of photoperiods on glycemic and adrenal catecholaminergic responses to melatonin administrations in adult male roseringed parakeets, Psittacula krameri Neumann.

Effects of daily (one hour prior to onset of darkness) injection of melatonin (25 micrograms/100 g body wt. for 30 days) on concentrations of blood glucose and adrenal catecholamines were studied in adult male roseringed parakeets, P. krameri under both natural (NP; about 12L:12D) and artificial long (LP; 16L:8D; lights were available in between 0600 and 2200 hrs) or short (SP; 8L:16D; lights were available between 0600 and 1400 hrs) photoperiodic conditions. The results indicate that neither LP, nor SP as such exerts any significant effect on blood glucose titre of control (vehicle of hormone administered) birds. Treatment with melatonin, however, induced hyperglycemia in both NP and LP bird groups, but hypoglycemia in SP birds. Unlike glycemic levels, amount of epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) in adrenals of control birds exhibited significant changes under altered photoperiods. A decrease in E and an increase in NE were noted in adrenals of both LP and SP birds. Exogenous melatonin in NP birds also caused a decrease in E and concomittant rise in NE levels. On the other hand, treatment of melatonin in both LP and SP bird groups resulted in an increase in the quantity of both E and NE compared to respective values in adrenals of melatonin injected NP birds. However, relative to the amount of E and NE in adrenals of placebo treated LP and SP birds, significant effect of melatonin treatment was observed only in SP birds. The results suggest that influences of exogenous melatonin on the levels of both blood glucose and adrenal catecholamines are largely modulated by short rather than long photoperiods.

Pre-clinical toxicity evaluation of leaf-stalk extractive of Piper betle Linn. in rodents.

Studies on pre-clinical toxicity were undertaken to determine the haematological and biochemical changes after administration of alcoholic extract of leaf-stalk of P. betle in rats and mice. Acute and chronic toxicity experiments were performed on mice and rats according to WHO protocol. Different doses of plant extractive were administered for toxicity studies on short and long term basis. Haematological, biochemical profiles and enzymatic studies (transaminases and phosphatases) indicated that the drug (plant extractive) was devoid of toxicity.

Emerging facets of diastolic heart failure.

One hundred patients with congestive cardiac failure (52 males and 48 females) with age ranging from 16 to 56 yrs (mean age 42 +/- 6) were studied to determine the relative prevalence of systolic and diastolic failures, their clinical profiles and common aetiologies. Age matched 25 control subjects were also studied to established a normal range of echocardiographic values for LV diastolic function. Thirty eight patients (38%) were found to have pure diastolic heart failure and another 5 (5%) and 57 (57%) were detected to have mixed and systolic failures respectively. An attempt to correlate the clinical assessment of diastolic failure with echo doppler study showed the sensitivity and specificity of the clinical criteria for diagnosis of diastolic heart failure to be 100% and 91.94% respectively. Of the 38 cases of diastolic failure detected 39.5% had hypertension, 31.6% ischaemic heart disease and 13.16% hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Effect of homeopathic drugs plumbum and opium on experimentally induced lead toxicity in rats.

Homeopathic drugs plumbum 1M and Opium 30 were partially effective in the recovery of delta ALAD activity of the lead (150 mg% lead acetate) intoxicated rats. Plumbum 1M did not exhibit protective effect when dietary lead at high concentrations (> 25 mg% lead acetate) were given concurrently as assessed by blood delta ALAD activity and hemoglobin concentration. However it was partially effective in the recovery of delta ALAD activity and relieving anemia caused by chronic exposure of low doses of lead (below 15 mg% lead acetate).

Difficulties in the management of superior vena caval obstruction in young adults.

Case records of 50 patients of superior vena caval obstruction in young adults treated and followed-up at Radiotherapy Department, Medical College Hospitals, Calcutta have been looked into. Twenty-eight out of these 50 patients had disease confined to mediastinum only during presentation. In consideration of the fact that the optimum management of superior vena caval obstruction depends upon a balance between just adequate pretreatment investigation and early institution of treatment, the various difficulties in the management discussed. With the existing infrastructural facilities, the institutional policy for the management of superior vena caval obstruction in young adults whose disease is confined to mediastinum only, during presentation, is described.

Experience with balloon valvuloplasty in pulmonary stenosis.

Fourteen patients of pure valvular pulmonary stenosis of moderate to severe degree underwent balloon valvuloplasty in the Department of Cardiology, SSKM Hospital, Calcutta. Haemodynamic study revealed that immediately after valvuloplasty, right ventricular pressure dropped down from 125 +/- 17.18 mmHg. to 56.67 +/- 8.72 mmHg. (mean +/- SD). Restudy was done in each case after 4 weeks, which showed that right ventricular systolic pressure had further dropped down to 46.71 +/- 5.06 mmHg. (Mean +/- SD). Patients were further followed up for 6 to 15 months (mean 10 months). During the follow-up period, all the patients remained asymptomatic. Drop of right ventricular systolic pressure was maintained except in one case in which the peak systolic pressure gradient across the pulmonary valve was raised to 61 mmHg. from 24 mmHg., the gradient achieved immediately after valvuloplasty.