The Effects of Ischemic Preconditioning and K(ATP) channel Activation on the Expression of the PKC-epsilon, NF-kappaB and AP-1 in Ischemia-reperfused Rat Heart / 체질인류학회지

This study was aimed to elucidate the effects of K(ATP) activation during IPC on the PKC-epsilon, NF-kappaB and AP-1 in ischemia-reperfused rat hearts. SD male rats weighting from 300 to 350 g were split into 9 groups, such as sham control (S), IPC, 3 cycles of 5 min ischemia and 5 min reperfusion, continuous preconditioning (CP), 8 cycles of 5 min ischemia and 5 min reperfusion, K(ATP) opening (KO) with pinacidil (1.0 mg/kg), K(ATP) blocking with glibenclamide (1.0 mg/kg) injection, ischemia (IS), 30 min ischemia, IPC followed by IS, 8) K(ATP) blocking and IPC followed by IS (KB+IPC+IS), IS and K(ATP) opening (KO+IS). Heart were subjected to ligation of left descending coronary artery and reperfusion in groups of IPC, CP, IS with or without IPC. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting for PKC-epsilon, NF-kappaB and AP-1 were performed at 3, 6, 24 hours after reperfusion or treatment. Immunoreactivities against PKC-epsilon antibody were observed stronger in the groups of IPC, KO, IPC+IS and KO+IS than groups of KB, IS and KB+IPC+IS. NF-kappaB activation and translocation were only observed in the groups of including 30 min ischemia and reperfusion. AP-1 activation and translocation were opposite to the results of PKC-epsilon activation. In the group of CP, KB, IS and KB+IPC+IS, reactivities of AP-1 antibody were stronger than IPC+IS, KO+IS, and weaker in the groups of S, IPC and KO. These results suggest that K(ATP) opening with IPC or pharmacological methods may direct effect on the PKC-epsilon activation and that K(ATP) blocking has effect on the AP-1 activation and translocation in the heart of ischemiareperfused of rats.

Morphometric Characteristics of Arterial Supply of Tensor Fasciae Latae Muscle in Korean / 체질인류학회지

Tensor fasciae latae muscle is a thick muscle with heavy fascial investment and is extensively used for the reconstruction of musculocutaneous tissue loss following major injuries including burn, trauma, and bed sore. Most of known reference values for the measurement of this muscle are from foreign subjects and no measurement in Korean subject were reported. This study demonstrates the characteristics of the arterial supply of the tensor fasciae latae muscle for flap. Total 67 Korean cadavers (41 males and 26 females), clinically normal and without deformity, were dissected. The pattern of distribution of the arteries supplying the muscle was studied, and entering points of each arteries to the muscle were measured as relative coordination from anterior superior iliac spine (A) and center of patella (B). The point of the line AB which meets perpendicular line from entering point of each vessel (P) was definde as C. The length of AP (X) and PC (Y) was measured. 1. Average length of the line AB was 424.7 mm and was longer in male (438.3 mm) than in female (403.1 mm) subjects ( p< 0.01). 2. The XY coordination of origin of the muscle from line AB was-48.8 mm and-21.7 mm and that of insertion of the muscle was 157.9 mm and-20.9 mm. 3. Average length, width, and thickness of the tensor fasciae latae muscle were 167.2 mm, 35.9 mm, 10.5 mm, respectively, and the muscles were longer in male than in female subjects ( p< 0.01). 4. The existence of ascending branch of lateral femoral circumplex artery was 77.5%. The ascending and transverse branches were 16.9%. The ascending and descending branches were 2.8%. The ascending branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery and branch of femoral artery were 1.4%. The ascending branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery and branch of deep femoral artery were 1.4%. 5. Lateral circumflex femoral artery reached the tensor fasciae latae muscle at X: 97.9 mm, Y: 31.3 mm. 6. Point where the muscular branch of lateral circumflex artery to the tensor fasciae latae muscle began, was X: 88.8 m, Y: 17.1 mm. 7. The length and external diameter of pedicle were 30.9 mm, and 2.6 mm respectively. 8. The average number of branches of pedicle to tensor fasciae latae muscle was 7.1. 9. When line AB length was based on 100%, the origin and insertion of the tensor fasciae latae muscle were-11.5% and 37.2% respectively. The branching point from lateral circumflex femoral artery was 23.5%. The last branching point before entering the muscle was 20.9%. The entering point of the branches of pedicles was 16.7%. These data provides the anatomical characteristics of the arterial supply of the tensor fascia latae muscle in Korean in clinical relevance with musculocutaneous flap.