The Effect of Food Restriction on the Expression of Neuropeptides in Olfactory Bulb of Rat / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Food restriction increases life span, reduces aging rate and affects a wide variety of biological functions. Neurotransmitter is a substance released from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron on excitation, which diffuses across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. The nervous system makes use of neurotransmitters for signaling. We investigated the change of immunoreactivity of neuropeptides in olfactory bulb of rat after food restriction. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Of 10-week old Sprague-Dawley rats used in this study. six rats were killed at the beginning of the experiment. Thirty rats which had been restricted to only half of their normal voluntary mean food intake (12 g instead of 24 g per day) were killed at 3 days, 1, 2, 4 and 9 weeks after food restriction (n=6 per time point). Olfactory bulbs of the rats were cut into 40 micrometer-thick coronal sections and immunostained. RESULTS: On the layers of glomerular, outer plexiform, granular cell and subependymal zone of olfactory bulb, immunoreactivities of cholecystokinin (CCK), tyrosine hydrolase (TH), and neuropeptide-Y (NPY) were increased at one week of food restriction. On all layers, immunoreactivities of CCK and TH were increased at 2 weeks of food restriction. However, immunoreactivity of NPY was increased on the only layers of glomerular, and granular cell of olfactory bulb at week 2. After 4th week, the immunoreactivity of NPY was the same as the control group; after 9th week, the mmunoreactivity of CCK and TH were the same as the control group. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrated that CCK, TH, and NPY could be expressed in different manners on the layers of olfactory bulb of rat after food restriction, and that food restriction may improve olfactory sensitivity owing to the change of neuropeptides.

A case of oropharyngeal branchial cyst / 대한이비인후과학회지

A rare case of oropharyngeal branchial cyst in a fourteen-year-old boy is described. The cyst was located in the right lateral wall of the oropharynx. Histological examination revealed that the cyst was lined with a pseudostratified layer of the ciliated columnar epithelium and the lymphoid follicle. The position of the cyst and pathological feature were assumed to originate in the second branchial pouch.

Effect of speech therapy on alveolar sound after lingual frenulotomy in tongue-tie patients / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Many research papers showed that the most common articulation disorder in tongue-tie children was the error of alveolar sound. We performed speech therapy on alveolar sound after lingual frenulotomy to prove that the speech therapy after lingual frenulotomy improves the articulation of alveolar sound and that this effect is maintained. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We collected 28 children who never had speech therapy but could afford to have the speech therapy. The accuracy rate of consonant sound was calculated using a picture consonant test 2 weeks following the lingual frenulotomy. The speech therapy, called the phonetic placement and paired-stimulus technique, was performed 18 times for 3 months. This therapy decreased incidence rate of error. RESULTS: The incidence rate of alveolar sound error, which was calculated before speech therapy, was about 65%. And the incidence rate of alveolar sound error after speech therapy was 5-10%, which proved the effect of speech therapy. We divided alveolar sounds into target sounds and non-target sounds. And we performed speech therapy only on target sounds so the appearance rate of alveolar sound error decreased and the incidence rate of non-target sounds also decreased. We performed speech therapy after 2 weeks and the effect was maintained. CONCLUSION: The incidence rate of alveolar sound error decreased by using speech therapy and the effect was maintained. So the speech therapy must be performed after lingual frenulotomy.

Second Branchial Cleft Cyst of the Oropharyux: A Case Report

We report a very rare type of second branchial cleft cyst located at the oropharynx, and include a review of the literature. CT scans of the neck revealed a homogeneous non-enhancing low-density mass in the right posterolateral mucosal wall of the oropharynx. Only the peripheral capsule of the mass was enhanced. The cyst was resected perorally and proved to be a type-IV second branchial cleft cyst.