Is there a correlation between helicobacter pylori and enterohepatic helicobacter species and gallstone cholecystitis?

Background: Cholecystitis is a common surgical condition. Recently, several authors have reported that DNA of bile tolerant Helicobacter spp. has been found in the human bile colonizing the biliary tract. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the presence of Helicobacter spp. and gallstone cholecystitis

Methods: In this case-control study, gallstones, bile, and gallbladder mucosa were collected from 25 patients without gallstone disease, 24 with acute cholecystitis, and 28 with chronic cholecystitis. The presence of Helicobacter pylori [H. pylori], Helicobacter bilis [H. bilis], Helicobacter hepaticus [H. hepaticus], and Helicobacter pullorum [H. pullorum] were investigated by polymerase chain reaction [PCR] using species-specific primers

Results: In this study, 77 subjects with acute and chronic cholecystitis and control groups with a mean age of 46.85 +/- 14.53 years, including 58 [67.25%] women and 19 [32.75%] men were included. DNA of 10 Helicobacter spp. was detected in the bile of the patients with cholecystitis including eight H. pylori and two H. bilis. However, we could not detect H. hepaticus and H. pullorum DNA in the samples. Moreover, there was an association between H. pylori and acute cholecystitis [p = 0.048], which was found to be stronger in 31-40-year-olds group [p = 0.003]

Conclusion: We found an association between the presence of H. pylori DNA and acute gallstone cholecystitis. There is not statistically significant correlation between three enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. [H. bilis, H. hepaticus, and H. pullorum] and cholelithiasis. Given the low sample size of the patients, more studies are required to clear the clinical role of Helicobacter spp. in the gallstone disease and cholecystitis

effect of empowerment program on mother-infant interaction and weight gain in preterm infants

The hospitalization of premature newborns in neonatal intensive care unit causes the family to experience a sense of loss and to disturb the emotional connection of the mother with the newborn. The present study aimed to determine the effect of empowerment programs on mother-infant interaction and the weight gain of premature infants hospitalized in neonatal intensive care unit. In this clinical trial, after obtaining written consent, a total of 140 mothers with infants hospitalized in neonatal intensive care units were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The empowerment program was performed on mothers of the experimental group and then mother-infant interaction was assessed through the observation form of attachment behavior and the measurement of neonate weight in both groups and the data were analyzed by SPSS-16 software. The mean of the total maternal attachment behaviors in the experimental and control groups were 52.01 +/- 6.65 and 36.28 +/- 28.09, respectively. The result of the independent t-test [p=0.001] showed that there was statistically a significant difference between the two groups and the mean weight of infants two months after the intervention were 3620 +/- 877.31 and 3200 +/- 824.85 grams in experimental and control groups, respectively. The result of the independent t-test [p=0.005] showed that there was statistically a significant difference between the experimental and the control groups. Regarding the increase of mother-infant interaction and the weight gain of premature infants, it is recommended to provide the necessary training to parents, especially to mothers, in order to appropriately confront and communicate with the newborn and to empower mothers in order to care for premature neonates.

[Concept analysis of participation of patient with chronic disease: use of hybrid model]

Approaches to professional health care have changed along with changes in health measures and progression of chronic diseases. Patient participation is an international golden standard in new nursing paradigm. Despite the importance of patient participation and its routine usage in professional care, this concept is not clear, especially in social and cultural context of Iranian nursing. The purpose of this study was to clarify the meaning of patient participation and determine its critical attributes in chronic disease within the nursing context in Iran. Concept analysis of this concept was conducted using hybrid model. Hybrid model has three phases: theoretical, field work and final analytical phase. Literature review in theoretical phase determined the attributes of the concept including; establishing mutual relationship, giving way to control and responsibility, shared information and knowledge, active engagement in activities, and profit from this engagement. Filed work phase determined attributes such as mutual confidence, harmony between patient and nurse, setting the stage, giving responsibility to patient, patient empowerment, and organizational factors. In the final analytical phase, the critical attributes of participation of patient with chronic disease including connection by means of mutual confidence, yielding control and responsibility, sharing information and knowledge, active engagement in self care activities, setting the stage and empowerment of patient to engage in self care was determined. Concept analysis of patient participation revealed the required conditions for participation of patients with chronic diseases in nursing care. In the meantime, this concept is a new and complex one within the context of our nursing, which requires further study of social and cultural context of health care area

[Social factors contributing in women health in Tehran city: a qualitative study]

Women constitute half of the population and their health is the keystone of family and society's health. Women's problems could adversely affect physical health and in particular mental health of the family, society, and future generations. The present study aimed at determining the social predisposing factors on women's health in Iran. Using qualitative method [content analysis], semi-structured interactional interviews were conducted with a purposeful sample of 22 women aged 20 to 50 years who were living in Tehran. Interviewing the participants were continued to reach data saturation. All the interviews were recorded and transcribed. They were analyzed through a qualitative content analysis method. Six themes were identified in data analysis: gender disparities, burden, economical problems, appropriate occupation, women sport and cultural and educational growth which reflect effective social factors on women's health. The study revealed that women are still suffering from disparities. They need appropriate social welfare, sport, job and education to be healthy. Knowing these, nurses could make an effort to acculturate men participation in house chores and to develop gender equalities in order to provide health for women and families

Relation between prayer activity and spiritual well being in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy

Cancer as one of the most common chronic illnesses is a stressful factor affecting physical, psychological, and spiritual dimensions. Prayer is a source of resistance against these crises, especially in spiritual domain, promoting spiritual well-being. The aim of the current study is to examine the relationship between prayer activity and spiritual well-being in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Three handred and sixty patients who were more than 20 years old, alert to their disease, and able to read and write participated in this study. Data collection was done by Meraviglia's prayer [2002] and Paloutzian and Ellison's spiritual well-being [1982] questionnaires. Data analysis was done by SPSS program. Findings showed that the mean scores of prayer practice and spiritual well being were respectively [94.5 +/- 12.98] and [98.35 +/- 14.36]. Direct and significant relationship was found between prayer practice and spiritual well-being. [p = 0.001, r = 0.61]. Regarding the results that show the relationship between prayer practice and spiritual well being of the patients, nurses should consider prayer as a health promoting strategy in caring programs and choose a comprehensive and holistic approach toward their patients

[Relationship between parenting style and academic competence among adolescents studying in Tabriz high schools, 2002]

It was showed that family relationships affect on adolescent academic achievement. Regarding to the parenting style importance on academic competence, this study was carried out to determine relationship between parenting style and academic competence in adolescents. This is a descriptive correlational study with multistage cluster sampling of 360 adolescents studying in Tabriz high schools. Questionnaires using in this study were parenting style inventory II and Academic Competence Scale. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and LSD. According to the finding the majority of adolescents [%39.7] reported authoritative parenting style and high academic competence [39.2%]. Relation between parenting style and academic competence [F=187.8, P=0.000] was significant. Regarding the fact that the majority of adolescents reported authoritative parenting style and relation between parenting style and academic competence was significant, so parents' education for adolescence's characteristic and parenting style outcomes lead to promoting adolescent academic competence

Biotechnology in th mirror of ethics

Bioethics seems to be the most important branch of applied ethics. It concerns both philosophers and scientists. Such crucial questions as health care, ART, genetic engineering, abortion, euthanasia, suicide, trasplanation, population issues, animal rights and the like are just examples of questions are being dealt with in this decipline. Due to special nature of these questions, to offer a sufficient moral theory, in addition to seven criteria of applicability i.e., clarity, completeness, comprehensiveness, practicability as well as justificatory, output and explanatory powers, an internal urging power is needed. And that may be achieved by divine persuasion to follow rational moral principles which are comprehensible by human faculty. Accordingly, in the level of content moral principles are rational norms, but in the level of implementation divine command is an urging motivation to persuade human agents to act morally. And by this, we would have a non-divine command moral theory which gives considerable role to religious beliefs. Also in this article in addition to dealing with main moral theories, Kantian, utilitarianism, virtue ethics and religious approach to biotechnological issues and their implications in this field, I have offered certain moral principles which can be applied as guiding principles biotechnological questions

Tense factors and coping strategies in infertile women referring to alzahra training clinical center of Tabriz [1998]

Infertility problem in today world has become a social anxiety and many couples experience infertility problem in some way in their fertility ages. This can cause psychological shock to couples and affect marital life, interpersonal and social relation. For this reason this research which is descriptive study has been designed to investigate the tense factors and coping strategies of infertile women who were admitted to Alzahra Educational and Treatment Center of Tabriz in 1998. The purpose of this research is to investigate physical, psychological and social tense factors and coping strategies concerning affective on infertile woman. In this research 150 infertile women have been chosen on basis of convenient sampling. Data were collected by regular interview using a questionnaire including 3 main parts. The first part was related to sociopersonal characteristic, used diagnosis and treatment ways and cause of infertility, the second part was about physical and psychosocial tense factors and the third part was about determination of coping strategies of infertile women. For evaluation of findings of the research, chi-square test statistics was used. The results of this study showed that fatigue of frequent come and go to clinic was the most physical tense factor [67/3%] with high level. Main psychosocial tense factor was wordiness about achievement of treatment with high and very high level [87/3%]. Among coping strategies praying was the always-used coping strategy [79/3%] of participant. Amongst coping strategies 79.3% of participant in research used always praying. Most common coping strategy focusing affective was praying with 79.3% of replying always and accepting the situation with 74% of always reply, was the most used coping strategy focusing on used solution

[Concealed consent]

The issue of consent is an old and controversial question in the field of medical ethics. Nowadays. informed consent is widely considered as a fundamental element in carrying out any medical treatments on a person. Yet some aspects of the issue are blurred and need to be studied more carefully. In the present, article after dealing with three concepts of Expressed Consent, Implied Consent and Concealed Consent, it will be concluded that expressed consent is the sole way to reveal and determine the consent of the person in the field of ART. The main contribution of this article is to discuss the concept of the concealed consent. It is discused that concealed consent is a fiction and thus may not be considered in medical treatments on a person