Frequency of IgA nephropathy presenting at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan

Objective: to determine the frequency of IgA nephropathy presenting at a tertiary care hospital

Study Design: a cross sectional, observational study

Place and Duration of Study: Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad and Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan, from November 2008 to November 2014

Methodology: this was a retrospective analysis of renal biopsies for the diagnosis of nephropathy during the study period. Biopsies were stained with fluorescence isothyocyanate [FITC] labelled antibodies against IgG, IgA, IgM, C3, C4 and C1q for fluorescent microscopy. For histopathological examination, the specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Periodic acid Schiff and methanamine silver stains for light microscopy

Results: out of total 1,658 renal biopsy cases, 142 [8.6%] were diagnosed as IgA nephropathy on light and immunofluorescence microscopy. Majority of IgA nephropathy patients were young [mean age = 33.2] and presented with proteinuria. The frequency rose from 2% in 2008 to 9.4% in 2014

Conclusion: IgA nephropathy was present in younger population and has a rising trend in our population

Echocardiographic study of cardiac dysfunction in patients of chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis

Objective: The objective of this study was to see echocardiographic findings of cardiac dysfunction in patients of chronic kidney disease [CKD] on hemodialysis

Study Design: Comparative cross sectional study

Place and Duration of Study: Department of nephrology, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences. Islamabad from September 2014 to February 2015

Patients and Methods: One hundred patients of either gender were included in this study. Fifty patients of chronic kidney disease stage V on hemodialysis were taken for echocardiography and fifty were normal. Echocardiography was done for cardiac dysfunction. Systolic function was measured by ejection fraction [EF] and fractional shortening [FS]. Diastolic function was measured by E/A ratio

Results: Out of 100 patients included in the study, 50 patients were on hemodialysis and 50 were control. Left ventricular end systolic and end diastolic volumes were higher in patients on hemodialysis than controls as well as left atrial enlargement and inter ventricular septum which was statistically significant. Ejection fraction, although normal and fractional shortening decreased in patients on hemodialysis [p<0.05]. Diastolic dysfunction was present in 36 patients on hemodialysis, while absent in the control group

Conclusion: Patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis have higher prevalence of cardiac dysfunction

Hypertensive patients; frequency of diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose levels

Objective: To see the frequency of diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose levels in hypertensive patients

Design: Descriptive study

Place of Study: OPD / Filter clinic. Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences. Islamabad

Patients and Methods: This study was carried out on 116 hypertensive patients during the period from August to September 2008. Out of 116 patients, 64 were females and 52 were males with age group between 20 to 70 years. Secondary causes are ruled out on the basis of history and physical examination. Blood samples were sent to PIMS laboratory for fasting glucose. Data and results were analyzed in SPSS

Results: According to this study, out of 116 patients, there were 18 patients who had diabetes mellitus while 33 had hypertension with impaired fasting glucose tolerance which is statistically significant. The females as compared to males were increased in number who had both diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose. According to age diabetes mellitus increased in age groups between 41-50 and 61-70 years while impaired fasting glucose were increased in age group between 31-60 yrs. The results indicate that impaired fasting glucose is present in significant number of hypertensive patients

Conclusions: Hypertension is associated with diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose

Hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke; frequency in hypertensive patients presenting with stroke at Pakistan institute of medical sciences, Islamabad

To compare frequency of ischemic stroke with that of hemorrhagic stroke in hypertensive patients presenting with stroke at Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad. A cross-sectional study. Department of Neurology, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad from 17th July to 17th October 2010. One hundred consecutive hypertensive patients with stroke were analysed for this study. Total of 100 cases, 52 cases were of ischemic stroke. Out of this, 50% had left middle cerebral artery, 42.30% right middle cerebral artery, 3.85% anterior cerebral artery and 3.85% posterior cerebral artery involved. 48 cases had haemorrhagic stroke. The cerebellum was involved in 2.08%, 2.08% had left anterior lobe involved. Pons and right parietal lobe was involved in 2.08% respectively. SAH in 12.50%, left basal ganglia in 29.17% and right basal ganglia was involved in 43.76%. The reported results suggest that in hypertensive patients the frequency of ischemic stroke is greater than hemorrhagic stroke

Hypertensionassociation of hypertension with central obesity in low to middle socioeconomic population

To evaluate association of hypertension with central obesity in low to middle socioeconomic population. Descriptive study. OPD, Filter Clinic. Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences. Islamabad. June to September 2008. This study was carried out on 85 patients with history of hypertension. Out of total patients, 27 were males and 58 were females. The ages of the all patients were between 20 to 70 years. Parameters recorded included history, blood pressure, weight, height, waist circumference and hip circumference. The secondary causes were ruled out on the basis of history and physical examination. Data and results were analyzed in SPSS. Out of 85 patients, 74 including 21 males and 53 females had increased Waist Hip Ratio [WHR], 66 including 14 males and 61 females had increased Waist Circumference [WC], while the Body Mass Index [BMI] of 33 including 6 males and 27 females were found obese. It also showed that the females are more prone to obesity. The age group between 41-60 years was most effected. The results indicates that waist hip ratio is the most common indicator of obesity in patients with essential hypertension as compare to waist circumference and body mass index. Hypertension is associated with central obesity in low to middle socioeconomic status