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A sesquiterpene natural substance called artemisinin was discovered in Artemisia annua. One of its derivatives， artesunate （ART）， has the properties of economy， immediate effect， low toxicity， and good tolerance. Since it has a quick and powerful killing effect on plasmodium in the erythrocyte phase and can quickly handle clinical seizure and symptoms， it is currently mostly utilized to treat cerebral malaria and other severe instances of malaria. In addition， it has antitumor， antivirus， anti-hepatic fibrosis， anti-inflammatory， antibacterial， hepatocyte protection， immunological modulation， and other pharmacological properties and can inhibit cell proliferation， induce cell apoptosis， and reduce the incidence of sepsis. In many countries， artemisinin-based combination therapies （ACTs）， such as artemether-benflumetol， artesunate-amodiaquine， and artemether-lumefantrine， are the first-line treatments for malaria. Recent research on artesunate by Chinese and international scholars has revealed that compared with monotherapy， artesunate combination therapy offers more benefits in terms of improving pharmacological effects， shortening the duration of medicine， and minimizing adverse effects. Through systematic retrieval of Web of Science Core Collection and integration through CiteSpace （6.2.1） software， this article reviewed the mechanism of artesunate combined with other medications with regard to antimalarial， antitumor， antibacterial， and antiviral features in the previous five years， so as to provide some theoretical basis for rational development and utilization of ART and new drug research and development.
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Purpose: To describe the long?term outcomes of transcutaneous retrobulbar amphotericin B (TRAMB) in COVID?19?associated mucormycosis. Methods: In total, 18 cases of COVID?19?associated mucormycosis were reviewed. In addition to the recommended treatment protocol, all patients were to be given 3.5 mg/ml/day of TRAMB for five days. Results: Of the 18 patients, 2 presented with stage 3a disease, 13 had stage 3c disease, and 3 patients had central nervous system (CNS) involvement (stage 4a and 4c). In addition to planned retrobulbar doses, five patients were given more while two patients received fewer injections (i.e., <5). At the last mean follow?up of 34.67 (±8.88) weeks, 11 patients were in radiological regression and 4 had stable disease while 2 patients had to undergo exenteration; one mortality was observed because of disease progression. Clinical regression in terms of visual and ptosis improvement was seen in seven and nine patients, respectively. Conclusion: Rhino?orbito?cerebral mucormycosis is a serious condition which warrants an aggressive treatment strategy. In unprecedented situations witnessed recently, TRAMB turned out to be an effective and economical alternative. Though large randomized studies are needed to establish its efficacy, TRAMB still manages to halt progression and salvage the globe in significant number of patients, and hence its use should be encouraged on a case?to?case basis especially in developing countries with limited resources
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Abstract A total of 10 specimens were captured from selected sites of Bajaur Agency FATA, Pakistan using mist nets. The captured specimens were morphologically identified and various morphometric measurements were taken. The head and Body length (HB) of Pipistrellus coromondra and Pipistrellus kuhlii lepidus (n=10) was 43±0.11 mm and 45±1.1 respectively. Morphologically identified Pipistrellus kuhlii confirmed as Pipistrellus kuhlii lepidus based on 16S rRNA sequences. The DNA sequences were submitted to GenBank and accession numbers were obtained (MN 719478 and MT430902). The available 16S rRNA gene sequences of Pipistrellus coromondra and Pipistrellus kuhlii lepidus were retrieved from NCBI and incorporated in N-J tree analysis. Overall, the interspecific genetic variations among Pipistrellus coromondra and Pipistrellus kuhlii lepidus were 8% and 1% respectively. In our recommendation, a comprehensive molecular identification of bats is need of hour to report more cryptic and new species from Pakistan.
Resumo Um total de 10 espécimes foi capturado em locais selecionados da Bajaur Agency FATA, Paquistão, usando redes de neblina. Os espécimes capturados foram identificados morfologicamente e várias medidas morfométricas foram realizadas. O comprimento da cabeça e do corpo (HB) de Pipistrellus coromondra e Pipistrellus kuhlii lepidus (n = 10) foi de 43 ± 0,11 mm e 45 ± 1,1, respectivamente. Pipistrellus kuhlii identificado morfologicamente e confirmado como Pipistrellus kuhlii lepidus com base em sequências de rRNA 16S. As sequências de DNA foram submetidas ao GenBank e os números de acesso foram obtidos (MN 719478 e MT430902). As sequências do gene 16S rRNA disponíveis de Pipistrellus coromondra e Pipistrellus kuhlii lepidus foram recuperadas do NCBI e incorporadas na análise da árvore N-J. No geral, as variações genéticas interespecíficas entre Pipistrellus coromondra e Pipistrellus kuhlii lepidus foram de 8% e 1%, respectivamente. Em nossa recomendação, uma identificação molecular abrangente de morcegos precisa de uma hora para relatar mais espécies crípticas e novas do Paquistão.
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Animais , Quirópteros/genética , Paquistão , RNA Ribossômico 16SRESUMO
A total of 10 specimens were captured from selected sites of Bajaur Agency FATA, Pakistan using mist nets. The captured specimens were morphologically identified and various morphometric measurements were taken. The head and Body length (HB) of Pipistrellus coromondra and Pipistrellus kuhlii lepidus (n=10) was 43±0.11 mm and 45±1.1 respectively. Morphologically identified Pipistrellus kuhlii confirmed as Pipistrellus kuhlii lepidus based on 16S rRNA sequences. The DNA sequences were submitted to GenBank and accession numbers were obtained (MN719478 and MT430902). The available 16S rRNA gene sequences of Pipistrellus coromondra and Pipistrellus kuhlii lepidus were retrieved from NCBI and incorporated in N-J tree analysis. Overall, the interspecific genetic variations among Pipistrellus coromondra and Pipistrellus kuhlii lepidus were 8% and 1% respectively. In our recommendation, a comprehensive molecular identification of bats is need of hour to report more cryptic and new species from Pakistan.
Um total de 10 espécimes foi capturado em locais selecionados da Bajaur Agency FATA, Paquistão, usando redes de neblina. Os espécimes capturados foram identificados morfologicamente e várias medidas morfométricas foram realizadas. O comprimento da cabeça e do corpo (HB) de Pipistrellus coromondra e Pipistrellus kuhlii lepidus (n = 10) foi de 43 ± 0,11 mm e 45 ± 1,1, respectivamente. Pipistrellus kuhlii identificado morfologicamente e confirmado como Pipistrellus kuhlii lepidus com base em sequências de rRNA 16S. As sequências de DNA foram submetidas ao GenBank e os números de acesso foram obtidos (MN 719478 e MT430902). As sequências do gene 16S rRNA disponíveis de Pipistrellus coromondra e Pipistrellus kuhlii lepidus foram recuperadas do NCBI e incorporadas na análise da árvore N-J. No geral, as variações genéticas interespecíficas entre Pipistrellus coromondra e Pipistrellus kuhlii lepidus foram de 8% e 1%, respectivamente. Em nossa recomendação, uma identificação molecular abrangente de morcegos precisa de uma hora para relatar mais espécies crípticas e novas do Paquistão.
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Animais , Quirópteros/anatomia & histologia , Quirópteros/classificação , Quirópteros/genéticaRESUMO
Abstract A total of 10 specimens were captured from selected sites of Bajaur Agency FATA, Pakistan using mist nets. The captured specimens were morphologically identified and various morphometric measurements were taken. The head and Body length (HB) of Pipistrellus coromondra and Pipistrellus kuhlii lepidus (n=10) was 43±0.11 mm and 45±1.1 respectively. Morphologically identified Pipistrellus kuhlii confirmed as Pipistrellus kuhlii lepidus based on 16S rRNA sequences. The DNA sequences were submitted to GenBank and accession numbers were obtained (MN 719478 and MT430902). The available 16S rRNA gene sequences of Pipistrellus coromondra and Pipistrellus kuhlii lepidus were retrieved from NCBI and incorporated in N-J tree analysis. Overall, the interspecific genetic variations among Pipistrellus coromondra and Pipistrellus kuhlii lepidus were 8% and 1% respectively. In our recommendation, a comprehensive molecular identification of bats is need of hour to report more cryptic and new species from Pakistan.
Resumo Um total de 10 espécimes foi capturado em locais selecionados da Bajaur Agency FATA, Paquistão, usando redes de neblina. Os espécimes capturados foram identificados morfologicamente e várias medidas morfométricas foram realizadas. O comprimento da cabeça e do corpo (HB) de Pipistrellus coromondra e Pipistrellus kuhlii lepidus (n = 10) foi de 43 ± 0,11 mm e 45 ± 1,1, respectivamente. Pipistrellus kuhlii identificado morfologicamente e confirmado como Pipistrellus kuhlii lepidus com base em sequências de rRNA 16S. As sequências de DNA foram submetidas ao GenBank e os números de acesso foram obtidos (MN 719478 e MT430902). As sequências do gene 16S rRNA disponíveis de Pipistrellus coromondra e Pipistrellus kuhlii lepidus foram recuperadas do NCBI e incorporadas na análise da árvore N-J. No geral, as variações genéticas interespecíficas entre Pipistrellus coromondra e Pipistrellus kuhlii lepidus foram de 8% e 1%, respectivamente. Em nossa recomendação, uma identificação molecular abrangente de morcegos precisa de uma hora para relatar mais espécies crípticas e novas do Paquistão.
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Placental site trophoblastic tumour (PSTT) is a rare variant of gestational trophoblastic disease developing from intermediate trophoblasts. PSTTs are incredibly rare tumours with 1 in 100000 pregnancies and only about 200 cases reported till date with mortality reaching up to 25% in undiagnosed c ases. We present the case of a 37year old female, gravida 4 para 3, presenting with uncontrollable post caesarean haemorrhage for which she underwent subtotal hysterectomy. Histopathological examination revealed Placental site trophoblastic tumour. Placent al site trophoblastic tumour, being a rare entity, pose difficulties in its early diagnosis. Delayed diagnosis can lead to distant metastases, thus worsening the prognosis.
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A granular cell tumour is a tumour of neural origin and is mostly benign and rarely malignant and commonly found in the skin, oral cavity or digestive tract. This report describes a case of a 23 - year - old female with a palpable painless mass on the back near the left axilla with progressive growth. While her laboratory tests and radiological were within normal limits histopathological examination revealed round to polygonal PAS positive atypical cells with large vesicular nuclei and coarsely granular cytoplasm along with foci of spindling an d necrosis which on IHC were S - 100 and CD68 positive and negative for cytokeratin, desmin, EMA. Thus, rendering a diagnosis of a malignant granular tumour of primary origin. This case highlights the importance of accurate histopathological examination to r ecognise and further categorization of Granular cell tumours along with clinical and radiological correlation .
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Placental site trophoblastic tumour (PSTT) is a rare variant of gestational trophoblastic disease developing from intermediate trophoblasts. PSTTs are incredibly rare tumours with 1 in 100000 pregnancies and only about 200 cases reported till date with mortality reaching up to 25% in undiagnosed c ases. We present the case of a 37year old female, gravida 4 para 3, presenting with uncontrollable post caesarean haemorrhage for which she underwent subtotal hysterectomy. Histopathological examination revealed Placental site trophoblastic tumour. Placent al site trophoblastic tumour, being a rare entity, pose difficulties in its early diagnosis. Delayed diagnosis can lead to distant metastases, thus worsening the prognosis.
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Objective: Present in?vitro study aimed to evaluate the apical leakage of different bioceramic retrofilling materials with and without smear layer. Materials and Methods: Sixty human single?rooted teeth were decoronated at a standardized root length of 13 mm, chemo?mechanically prepared and obturated. After obturation, root?end resection was done and root?end cavities were prepared using ultrasonic tips. The specimens with prepared retro cavities were randomly assigned into 2 groups (n = 30) based on the smear layer removal protocol used. Each group was further subdivided into 3 subgroups (n = 10) based on the bioceramic retrofilling material MTA (Mineral Trioxide Aggregate; Proroot Dentsply/Tulsa), CEM (Calcium?Enriched Mixture; Bionique Dent, Tehran) and ERRM (EndoSequence® Root Repair Material; Brasseler USA, Savannah, GA). The extension of dye (2% Rhodamine B) penetration was measured in millimetre using a stereomicroscope at 10× zoom. Results were statistically analysed using one?way ANOVA (analysis of variance) test and unpaired Student’s t test. Results: In the presence of smear layer, MTA demonstrated maximum mean apical leakage value (1.70 ± 0.30), followed by CEM (1.40 ± 0.37) and ERRM (1.40 ± 0.23), which was statistically not significant. Without the smear layer, ERRM demonstrated the least mean apical leakage value, which was statistically significant as compared with CEM (P <.05) and MTA ( P <.01). Conclusion(s): All bioceramic retrofilling materials demonstrated apical leakage irrespective of the presence or absence of the smear layer. The presence of a smear layer is beneficial for the sealing ab
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Abstract During the present study thirteen Megaderma lyra bats were observed roosting in dark, domed shaped room of Rohtas Fort, district Jhelum. Out of these, six specimens were captured from the roosting site, using hand net. All captured specimens were male. These bats were identified through their unique facial features, an erect and elongated nose-leaf, large oval ears that joined above the forehead and no tail. Mean head and body length of captured specimens was 80 mm, forearm length was 67 mm while average lengths of 3rd, 4th and 5th metacarpals were 51.73 mm, 55.17 mm and 60.42 mm, respectively. Mean skull length was 29.84 mm, breadth of braincase was 12.77 mm. Average Penis length of two specimens was 6.6 mm and total bacular length was 3.08 mm respectively. This is the first record of Megaderma lyra from district Jhelum.
Resumo Durante o presente estudo, 13 morcegos Megadermalyra foram observados empoleirados em uma sala escura em forma de cúpula no Forte Rohtas, distrito de Jhelum, dos quais 6 espécimes foram capturados no local usando rede manual. Todos os espécimes capturados eram machos. Esses morcegos foram identificados por suas características faciais únicas, uma folha nasal ereta e alongada, grandes orelhas ovais que se juntam acima da testa e sem cauda. O comprimento médio da cabeça e do corpo dos espécimes capturados foi de 80 mm, o comprimento do antebraço foi de 67 mm, enquanto os comprimentos médios do 3º, 4º e 5º metacarpos foram de 51,73 mm, 55,17 mm e 60,42 mm, respectivamente. O comprimento médio do crânio foi de 29,84 mm, e a largura da caixa craniana, de 12,77 mm. O comprimento médio do pênis de duas amostras foi de 6,6 mm, e o comprimento total do báculo foi de 3,08 mm. Este é o primeiro registro de Megadermalyra no distrito de Jhelum.
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Animais , Masculino , Quirópteros , PaquistãoRESUMO
Abstract Present study was conducted to record ecotoparasitic prevalence in bat fauna of the northwestern parts of Pakistan. A total of 204 bat specimens representing 14 species were captured during a two year survey, extending from June 2015 through May 2016. A species of soft ticks Argas vespertilionis was identified from 23 bat specimens. Similarly, members of the family Dermanyssoidae (dermanyssoid mites) were isolated from 10 bat specimens, that of Spinturnicidae (spinturnicid mites) from 3 and Streblidae (bat flies) from 2 bat specimens. These parasites were collected using entomological tweezers and were identified on morphological basis. Further studies on parasitic prevalence, molecular characterization of bat parasites and their control measures are recommended.
Resumo O presente estudo foi realizado para registrar a prevalência de ectoparasitas na fauna de morcegos em partes do noroeste do Paquistão. Um total de 204 espécimes de morcegos, representando 14 espécies, foi capturado durante uma pesquisa de dois anos, de junho de 2015 a maio de 2016. A espécie de carrapato Argas vespertilionis foi identificada em 23 espécimes de morcegos. Da mesma forma, os membros da família Dermanyssidae (ácaros dermanyssoid) foram isolados de 10 espécimes de morcego, os da Spinturnicidae (ácaros spinturnicid), de 3, e os da Streblidae (mosca de morcego), de 2 espécimes de morcego. Esses parasitas foram coletados com pinça entomológica e identificados com base morfológica. Estudos adicionais sobre prevalência parasitária, caracterização molecular de parasitas de morcego e suas medidas de controle devem ser realizados.
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Animais , Parasitos , Quirópteros , Dípteros , Ácaros , Paquistão/epidemiologia , PrevalênciaRESUMO
ABSTRACT Hypothesis: Endoclip can be used as fiducial marker in urology. Objective: To assess the feasibility, cost effectiveness and reliability of endoclips as novel fiducial markers in precision radiotherapy, as part of a trimodality bladder-preserving treatment (TBPT) of muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was performed at Weifang People's Hospital (Weifang, China) from January 2015 to June 2018. A total of 15 patients underwent TBPT. Endoclips were applied to healthy edges of the resected bladder wall as novel fiducial markers. Radio-sensitizing chemotherapy and routine precision radiotherapy were given. The number and position of the endoclips during radiotherapy sessions were monitored. Complications and tumor recurrence were analyzed. Results: The mean age (±standard deviation) of the patients was 67±10 years (range 46-79). There were 3 females and 12 males. Forty-nine endoclips were applied in all patients (3.3±0.8). The tumor was completely visibly resected in all patients. The number of endoclips remained the same through the planned last radiotherapy session (3.3±0.8), i.e., none were lost. All endoclips were removed after the last radiotherapy session. The average number of follow-up months was 38.9±13.2 (range 11-52). There were no procedure-related complications at discharge or follow-up. At one-year, overall recurrence-free survival was 93.3%. Two patients had recurrences at 18 months and 10 months after TBPT, respectively, and salvage radical cystectomy was performed with no further recurrences. Another patient died due to metastasis 9 months after the completion of therapy. Conclusions: Endoclips are reliable, safe and cost-effective as novel fiducial markers in precision-radiotherapy post-TBPT.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/cirurgia , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/radioterapia , Carcinoma , Bexiga Urinária , Cistectomia , China , Estudos de Viabilidade , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do Tratamento , Terapia Combinada , Marcadores Fiduciais , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Músculos , Invasividade Neoplásica , Recidiva Local de NeoplasiaRESUMO
Introduction: The most common functional abnormality ofthe infant’s lacrimal apparatus is the congenital blockage ofthe nasolacrimal duct. Non-canalisation of the duct, presenceof epithelial debris, mucous plug and bony occlusion are someof the possible causes of blockage. This was a prospectivestudy to identify the etiological agents, predisposing factorsand clinical profile of patients with congenital dacryocystitis.Material and Methods: A prospective observationalhospital based study was conducted on 72 eyes of 61 childrenpresenting with congenital dacryocystitis, in the age group 0-4years, attending the ophthalmology outpatient department in atertiary care teaching hospital.Results: Congenital dacryocystitis was common in agegroup of 0-3 months (31.15%). The incidence of disease inage group 4-6 months was 24.59% and 7-12 months was13.11%. 55.74% of males were affected. 83.61% of patientshad unilateral congenital dacryocystitis. 80.33% of thechildren had a normal delivery. 66.66% of cases presentedwith epiphora and discharge. 31.95% of cases presented withepiphora only. Epiphora with mucopurulent discharge was themost common presentation. Regurgitation test was positive in88.89% of cases. The nature of regurgitate was mucopurulentin 42.19% of cases.Conclusion: Congenital dacryocystitis usually presents at anearly age with epiphora and mucopurulent discharge. Earlydiagnosis helps in management.
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Background: Thalassemia, an inherited blood disorder represents a significant burden for many countries across the globe and the knowledge related to this illness is very limited. The preventive practices, among people especially from developing countries. In Pakistan, Thalassemia is a serious health problem bearing 5 to 8% frequency of beta-Thalassemia gene without discrimination of ethnic groups. Objective: To assess the awareness level regarding Thalassemia in general population of Rahim Yar Khan, a district of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Methodology: Study Design: Cross sectional study. A total of 400 adults of 18 years and above age, were selected randomly, from the households of the Rahim Yar Khan City and one Rural Union council. Out of 400 subjects, only 131, reported that they had heard the name ”Thalassemia”, hence for analysis of awareness, the data of only these 131 was used. A structured questionnaire was designed which included information on; gender, age and 24 questions about awareness of Thalassemia disease. Level of Awareness was ascertained by response of these 24 questions and was categorized as poor, average and good. The persons answering less than 12 questions correctly were considered to have poor knowledge, answers of 13-18 questions were labeled as possessing average knowledge and the persons were included in category of having good knowledge who answered more than 18 questions correctly. Data was analyzed by using SPSS 20. Results: Out of 131 study subjects , who reported to have ever heard of word Thalassemia, level of awareness about Thalassemia was found to be “Good” among 7 (5.4%) persons, 27 (20.6%) persons have an average knowledge about Thalassemia and a large number of people 97 (74%) have poor knowledge about Thalassemia disease. Conclusion: Public knowledge regarding Thalassemia was found to be poor among general population of Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan.
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Objective: To determine the efficacy of doxycycline as pleuridising agent in cases of malignant pleural effusions (MPE). Subject and methods: This was a descriptive case series that was conducted at Medical and Pulmonology Department of Combined Military Hospital Lahore from January 2018 to August 2018. In this study, the cases of malignant pleural effusion assessed on history and proven by histopathology on any biopsy of either gender falling in range of 30 years or more were included. The pleural fluid was drained by appropriate size intercostal chest tube (ICT). These cases then underwent pleurodesis with Doxycycline. For pleurodesis 10 capsule of Doxycycline each carrying 100 mg in it were taken and mixed with 50 ml of normal saline. A repeat chest X-ray and USG chest was done to see for presence of fluid, complete absence of fluid was labelled as efficacious pleurodesis. Results: In this study, there were total 60 cases of malignant pleural effusion (MPE) included, out of which 35 (58.33%) were females and 25 (41.67%) females. The mean age of the subjects was 57.32 ± 7.28 years. There were 29 (48.33%) cases with CA breast, 22 (36.67%) with CA lung and 9 (15%) had the other miscellaneous malignancies. The efficacy of pleurodesis with Doxycycline was seen in 26 (43.33%) of cases. There was significant better efficacy (p=0.001) in cases that had pleural effusion less than 1 liter at presentation where it was seen in 14 (63.64%) of cases as compared to 12 (31.58%) cases that had effusion less than 1 liter. There was no significant difference in terms of duration of pleural effusion with p=0.21. Conclusion: Doxycycline is efficacious in almost half of the cases and it is significantly better in cases that had effusion less than 1 liter.
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ABSTRACT: Self-operated land and operated by tenure may affect the sustainability of farming in a region. This study planned to analyze how rural households switch away from tea farming even they have parental land, and how landless access the land for tea farming. For this a total of 138 tea growers were interviewed including 27 farmers who had just ownership of land and had left the tea farming. Logistic regression was applied to assess the determinants of rural household's decision to exit and enter the land market. Farmers were compared over their farm management practices and personal characteristics. The owned farmers were good in management and adoption of good practice in tea farming than those who accessed land as a shareholder and not had their own land. Rural households head as getting older, having high education and also having an off-farm occupation, having more university graduated family members, and family members having off-farm occupations are more likely to exit from farming and supply their land to rental markets. On the other side, an older and highly educated head of landless family is less likely to become a shareholder. Here also off-farm occupation has a negative and insignificant effect on the probability of landless household working as a shareholder. If the head of the landless family has a wish to become a successful farmer, then he is more likely to work as an owner. It implies that a person is less likely to work as a shareholder and more likely to get land with ownership rights not only land-using rights.
RESUMO: Propriedades auto-operados e operados pela posse podem afetar a sustentabilidade da agricultura em uma região. Este estudo planejou analisar como as famílias rurais se afastam da produção de chá, mesmo as que possuam terras parentais, e como os sem-terra acessam a terra para a produção de chá. Nesse total, 138 produtores de chá foram entrevistados, incluindo 27 agricultores que possuíam apenas a propriedade da terra e deixaram a lavoura. A regressão logística foi aplicada para avaliar os determinantes da decisão da família rural de sair e entrar no mercado de terras. Os agricultores foram comparados com suas práticas de gerenciamento agrícola e características pessoais. Os agricultores proprietários foram considerados bons em gestão e adoção de boas práticas na agricultura de chá do que aqueles que acessaram a terra como acionista e não possuíam terras próprias. Os agregados familiares rurais envelhecem, têm ensino superior e também uma ocupação fora da fazenda, tendo mais membros da família graduados na universidade e com ocupações fora da fazenda têm mais probabilidade de sair da agricultura e fornecer suas terras para os mercados de arrendamento. Por outro lado, um chefe de família sem terra, mais velho e altamente educado, tem menos chances de se tornar um acionista. Aqui também a ocupação fora da fazenda tem um efeito negativo e insignificante na probabilidade de famílias sem terra trabalharem como acionistas. Se o chefe da família sem terra deseja se tornar um agricultor bem-sucedido, é mais provável que ele trabalhe como proprietário. Isso implica que é menos provável que uma pessoa trabalhe como acionista e obtenha terras com direitos de propriedade e não apenas direitos de uso da terra.
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Background: Migraine is one of the most common primary headaches, accounting for significant morbidity in patients suffering from it. An association between obesity and migraine has been documented in the past, despite some studies pointing to the contrary. Author’s purpose is to calculate the prevalence of obesity in migraine patients in order to contribute to the existing concepts. A positive correlation could lead to the employment of weight loss interventions in the management of obese patients with migraine.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 400 patients, recently diagnosed with migraine, attending the Neurology Outpatient Department at the Dr. Ruth KM Pfau Civil Hospital Karachi were enrolled after taking informed consent. Migraine was diagnosed using International Classification of Headache Disorders III (ICHD III) criteria. Height (meters) and weight (kilograms) were measured and body mass index calculated. This data was kept confidential. The results were tabulated and analyzed using SPSS version 19. Continuous quantitative data were analyzed using chi square test. A p Value of less than or equal to 0.05 was considered significant.Results: The mean age of enrolled participants was 30.69±6.96 years, 204(51%) were >30 years of age, 159(39.8%) were male and 241(60.3%) were female, mean height was 1.55±0.1 meters, mean weight was 56.26±12.98 kg, and mean duration of migraine was 5.04±2.02 weeks. The prevalence of obesity in patients with migraine was 108 (27%).Conclusions: It was concluded that the prevalence of obesity in patients with migraine was 27%.
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The present investigation was carried out on 459 Murrah buffaloes affected with some reproductive problem with 618 calving records(out of total 1336 Murrah buffaloes) sired by 118 sires over a period of 12 years from 2007 to 2018 at GADVASU, Ludhiana. The heritability estimates for dystocia, retention of placenta (ROP), anestrus, repeat breeding (RB), abortion and postpartum abnormal discharge (PPAD) were 0.04, 0.10, 0.05, 0.074, 0.085 and 0.121 respectively. The overall means for breeding values for dystocia, ROP, abortion, anestrus, RB and PPAD were 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.078 and 11.8%, respectively. Rank correlation of abortion with ROP was very high (0.99±0.02) and with anestrus, dystocia, RB and PPAD were also high i.e. 0.98±0.03, 0.98±0.03, 0.97±0.03, 0.95±0.04 respectively. Heritability estimates of reproductive problems have indicated appreciable values, signifying that incorporation of these traits in selection program will enhance the rate of improvement.
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The present investigation was carried out on 459 Murrah buffaloes affected with some reproductive problem with 618 calving records (out of total 1336 Murrah buffaloes) over a period of 12 years from 2007 to 2018 at GADVASU, Ludhiana. The overall incidence of dystocia, retention of placenta (ROP), anestrus, repeat breeding (RB),postpartum abnormal discharge (PPAD) and abortion w.r.t. total number of animals were 0.9, 0.3, 3.3, 9.3, 12.3, 13.3 and 6.2%, respectively and w.r.t. affected animals were 2.8, 9.8, 27, 35.7, 38.8 and 18.1%, respectively. Parity of calving had significant effect (P<0.05) on ROP and anestrus. Season had significant (P<0.05) effect on dystocia and ROP. Period had highly significant effect (P<0.01) on dystocia, anestrus, RB and abortion while significant effect on PPAD. Results indicated that incidence of RB, PPAD and ROP increases as the animal become older. Further incidence of dystocia are higher during first and last parities whereas incidence of anestrus are more during earlier parities (in heifers). Incidence of ROP and PPAD are more during rainy season. Incidence of dystocia and anestrus are more during winter season whereas incidence of abortion are more during summer season. Overall incidence revealed a reduction in reproductive disorders in latter periods showing progressive improvement in management of reproduction problems over period
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Introduction: We conducted this study to determine the awareness of usage of estimated GFR/creatinine clearance formulas while dealing with patients in various wards and outpatient departments of different tertiary hospitals in Lahore in doctors who are not working or trained in nephrology, it was done by using a questionnaire in between January 2019 to May 2019. It was found that good percentage of doctor is not using basic formulas and need education by fellow nephrology colleagues for basic patient management, drug dosing, and referral. Objective: To study the awareness and usage of creatinine clearance calculations in doctors not trained in nephrology. Study design: Descriptive, cross-sectional study. Methodology: The cross-sectional observational study was conducted. A questionnaire was designed which included questions about knowledge of estimated GFR/creatinine clearance, calculation methods, use of these formulas while dealing with patients for defining and diagnosing AKI and CKD, medicine dosage adjustment according to creatinine clearance and referral to nephrologists. Results: A total of 170 doctors working in different specialties were contacted and all of them filled questionnaire. 56 (32.9%) doctors answered that they know and calculate eGFR in routine practice while 114 (67.1%) were not performing eGFR while encountering patients. 80 (47.1%) were confident in staging chronic kidney disease and 90 (52.9%) were unable to stage chronic kidney disease on basis of eGFR. In routine patients dose and adjustment according to GFR was documented by 39 (22.9%) doctors and 131 (77.1%) doctors were not practicing dose adjustments for different medicines after calculating GFR. Referral to nephrologist was being done 99 (58.2%) doctors and 71 (41.8%) were not referring patients to nephrologists. Conclusion: Several considerable challenges remain regarding CKD and AKI early diagnosis and management and referral in Pakistan including inadequate knowledge and training systems, and needs education in this regard.