Prone ventilation in intubated COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Background The efficacy and safety profiles of prone ventilation among intubated Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients remain unclear. The primary objective was to examine the effect of prone ventilation on the ratio of arterial partial pressure of oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) in intubated COVID-19 patients. Methods Databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL were systematically searched from inception until March 2021. Case reports and case series were excluded. Results Eleven studies (n = 606 patients) were eligible. Prone ventilation significantly improved PaO2/FiO2 ratio (studies: 8, n = 579, mean difference 46.75, 95% CI 33.35‒60.15, p < 0.00001; evidence: very low) and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) (studies: 3, n = 432, mean difference 1.67, 95% CI 1.08‒2.26, p < 0.00001; evidence: ow), but not the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) (studies: 5, n = 396, mean difference 2.45, 95% CI 2.39‒7.30, p= 0.32; evidence: very low), mortality rate (studies: 1, n = 215, Odds Ratio 0.66, 95% CI 0.32‒1.33, p= 0.24; evidence: very low), or number of patients discharged alive (studies: 1, n = 43, Odds Ratio 1.49, 95% CI 0.72‒3.08, p= 0.28; evidence: very low). Conclusion Prone ventilation improved PaO2/FiO2 ratio and SpO2 in intubated COVID-19 patients. Given the substantial heterogeneity and low level of evidence, more randomized- controlled trials are warranted to improve the certainty of evidence, and to examine the adverse events of prone ventilation.

Management of Acute Respiratory Failure: A Case Report

In an Intensive Care Unit, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a serious condition. Non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema was the prior name for it. It is caused by a variety of illnesses that cause lung injury, but sepsis is the most common cause. It causes interstitial and alveolar oedema, diffuse alveolar damage, refractory hypoxemia, and ventilation perfusion mismatch by damaging the alveolar capillary membrane. Dyspnoea with diffuse in ltration on chest X-ray is a typical clinical symptom. Low tidal volume, high positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP), and low plateau pressure are all used to treat ARDS. Prone placement improves patient perfusion and thereby increases the PaO/FiO ratio. To treat ARDS, doctors are increasingly turning to high frequency oscillation ventilation (HFOV).

Effect of the Implementation of Interdisciplinary Discharge Planning on Treatment Adherence and Readmission in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Angioplasty / Efecto de la implementación de la planificación interdisciplinaria del alta en la adherencia al tratamiento y el reingreso en pacientes sometidos a angioplastia de la arteria coronaria / Efeito da implantação do planejamento de alta interdisciplinar na adesão ao tratamento e readmissão em pacientes submetidos à angioplastia coronariana

Objective. To determine the effect of interdisciplinary discharge planning on treatment adherence and readmission in the patients undergoing coronary artery angioplasty in the south of Iran in 2020. Methods. This experimental study had an intervention group and a control group with pre-test and post-test. 70 patients participated in the study who were randomly divided into the groups (intervention group (n=35) and control group (n=35)). In the intervention group, discharge planning was performed based on an interdisciplinary approach. Treatment adherence before, immediately, and one month after the intervention was evaluated with a 10-question survey scored from 1 to 5 (maximum score = 50), as well as readmission three months after the discharge was examined in both groups. Results. Before the intervention, there was no statistically significant difference between the intervention and the control groups in the treatment adherence score (18.22 versus 17.37; p=0.84) but immediately and one month after the intervention statistically significant differences between the groups were showed (21.51 versus 46.14 and 23.28 versus 43.12, respectively; p<0.001). Within three months after discharge, the readmission rate was 11.4% in the control group, while no readmission was reported in the intervention group. Within three months after discharge, the readmission rate was 11.4% in the control group, while no readmission was reported in the intervention group. Conclusion. The implementation of interdisciplinary discharge planning had positive effects on treatment adherence and readmission rate in patients undergoing coronary artery angioplasty; therefore, it is suggested that health care system managers make the necessary plans to institutionalize this new educational approach for other patients discharge planning

Objetivo. Determinar el efecto de la planificación interdisciplinaria del alta en la adherencia al tratamiento y el reingreso en los pacientes sometidos a angioplastia de la arteria coronaria en el sur de Irán en 2020. Métodos. Este estudio experimental contó con un grupo de intervención y un grupo de control con evaluación pre-test y post-test. Participaron en el estudio 70 pacientes que se dividieron aleatoriamente en los grupos. En el grupo de intervención, la planificación del alta se realizó sobre la base de un enfoque interdisciplinario. En ambos grupos se examinó la adherencia al tratamiento antes, inmediatamente y un mes después de la intervención con una encuesta de 10 preguntas puntuadas de 1 a 5 (máximo puntaje = 50), así como el reingreso hasta tres meses después del alta. Resultados. Antes de la intervención, no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el grupo de intervención y el de control en la puntuación de la adherencia al tratamiento (18.22 versus 17.37; p=0.84), pero inmediatamente y un mes después de la intervención los grupos mostraron una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (21.51 versus 46.14 y 23.28 versus. 43.12, respectivamente; p<0.001). A los tres meses del alta, la tasa de reingreso fue del 11.4% en el grupo de control, mientras que no se registró ningún reingreso en el grupo de intervención. Conclusión. La aplicación de la planificación interdisciplinaria del alta tuvo efectos positivos la adherencia del tratamiento y la tasa de reingreso en los pacientes sometidos a angioplastia de las arterias coronarias; por lo tanto, se sugiere que los gestores del sistema sanitario hagan los planes necesarios para institucionalizar este nuevo enfoque educativo para la planificación del alta de otros pacientes

Objetivo. Determinar o efeito do planejamento de alta interdisciplinar na adesão ao tratamento e readmissão em pacientes submetidos à angioplastia de artéria coronária no sul do Irã em 2020. Métodos. Este estudo experimental contou com um grupo intervenção e um grupo controle com avaliação pré-teste e pós-teste. Participaram do estudo 70 pacientes que foram divididos aleatoriamente em grupos. No grupo intervenção, o planejamento da alta foi realizado com base na abordagem interdisciplinar. Em ambos os grupos, a adesão ao tratamento foi examinada antes, imediatamente e um mês após a intervenção com um questionário de 10 questões pontuadas de 1 a 5 (pontuação máxima = 50), bem como a readmissão até três meses após a alta. Resultados. Antes da intervenção, não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos intervenção e controle na pontuação de adesão ao tratamento (18.22 vr. 17.37; p = 0.84), mas imediatamente e um mês após a intervenção os grupos apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa (21.51 vr. 46.14 e 23.28 vr. 43.12, respectivamente; p <0.001). Aos três meses após a alta, a taxa de readmissão foi de 11.4% no grupo de controle, enquanto nenhuma readmissão foi registrada no grupo de intervenção. Conclusão. A aplicação do planejamento de alta interdisciplinar teve efeitos positivos na adesão ao tratamento e na taxa de readmissão em pacientes submetidos à angioplastia de artéria coronária; portanto, sugere-se que os gestores do sistema de saúde façam os planos necessários para institucionalizar essa nova abordagem educativa para o planejamento da alta de outros pacientes

The impact of health literacy of Iranian users on the accuracy of information on COVID-19 in virtual social networks

The aim of the present study is to investigate the impact of health literacy of Iranian users on the accuracy of information on COVID-19 in virtual social networks. This is applied descriptive survey. The population includes all Iranian users of virtual networks (Telegram, WhatsApp, Twitter, Instagram and etc.). In this study, 121 questionnaires were confirmed and studied. For descriptive statistics, SPSS (ver. 32) and for testing hypothesis, Lisrel have been used. The research findings show that according to Iranian users, Internet is the main source for obtaining information on COVID-19. Moreover, the most popular virtual network is WhatsApp. The aim of using virtual social networks is to access to news and information. The results of structural equations show that there is positive meaningful relation between the rate of health literacy and the accuracy of information on COVID-19 (p > 0.000, ß = 0.561). In addition, the health literacy can explain 40 percent variance of the accuracy of information on COVID-19 in virtual social networks. Moreover, the results show that there is meaningful difference between the educational level of Iranian users and the health literacy and accuracy of information on COVID-19 in virtual social networks. Concerning the results of this study and meaningful relation between the health literacy level and attention to accuracy of the information on COVID-19 in Iranian users, the authorities of health system are recommended to consider special planning and policies to increase the health literacy level of users in social networks. In this way, users will be able to verify the accuracy of information on COVID-19 by increasing their health literacy level and therefore, there would be less losses due to unawareness of health literacy and its adverse effect(AU)

El objetivo del presente estudio es investigar el impacto de la alfabetización en salud relacionada con la COVID-19 en los usuarios iraníes de las redes sociales virtuales. Se aplicó una encuesta descriptiva, que incluyó a todos los usuarios iraníes de redes sociales virtuales (Telegram, WhatsApp, Twitter, Instagram, etc.). En el estudio se confirmaron y estudiaron 121 cuestionarios. Para estadística descriptiva se utilizó SPSS (versión 32) y Lisrel, para probar la hipótesis. La investigación indicó que, según los usuarios iraníes, Internet es la principal fuente de información sobre COVID-19; además, la red virtual más popular es WhatsApp. El objetivo del uso de las redes sociales virtuales es acceder a noticias e información. Los resultados de las ecuaciones estructurales muestran que existe una relación significativa y positiva entre la tasa de alfabetización en salud y la precisión de la información sobre COVID-19 (p > 0,000; ß = 0,561). Asimismo, la alfabetización en salud puede explicar una variación del 40 por ciento en la precisión de la información sobre COVID-19 en las redes sociales virtuales. También que existe una diferencia significativa entre el nivel educativo de los usuarios iraníes, la alfabetización en salud y la precisión de la información sobre COVID-19 en las redes sociales virtuales. Teniendo en cuenta los resultados de este estudio, se recomienda a las autoridades del sistema de salud que consideren una planificación y políticas especiales para aumentar el nivel de alfabetización en salud de los usuarios en redes sociales. De esta manera, estos últimos podrán verificar la información sobre COVID-19 y, por lo tanto, serían menores las pérdidas por desconocimiento(AU)

Design and evaluation of dental pastes Containing anti-inflammatory drugs

Abstract Periodontitis is an oral disease associated with inflammation and pain with swollen and bleeding gums. In the present study, dental pastes containing NSAIDs, namely, diclofenac sodium and nimesulide (1 % w/w) were prepared to treat periodontitis. Dental pastes of diclofenac sodium and nimesulide (1 % w/w) were prepared with/without mucoadhesive hydrocolloid polymers such as sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (NaCMC), hydroxyl ethyl cellulose (HEC) and methyl cellulose (MC) by conventional trituration method. The pH, drug content, viscosity, tube spreadability and tube extrudability of these prepared dental pastes were measured. These dental pastes of diclofenac sodium and nimesulide (1 % w/w) were characterized by FTIR analyses for drug-excipient compatibility. The in vitro drug releases from these dental pastes in 6.4 pH phosphate buffer solution displayed sustained release over longer period and the drug release rate was found to be decreased when the concentration of mucoadhesive polymer was increased. These dental pastes displayed good adhesion to the oral mucosa revealing more retention time in mouth when tested for ex vivo mucoadhesion using bovine cheek pouch. The stability study results reveal that the DC3 and NC3 dental paste formulations were found stable enough over a longer period in different storage conditions. The present study revealed that the prepared mucoadhesive dental pastes of diclofenac sodium and nimesulide (1 % w/w) had good adhesion with the oral mucosa to maintain consistent release of drugs over prolonged time.

Knowledge, attitude, practice, and self-efficacy of women regarding cervical cancer screening

Objective@#Iran has a low incidence of cervical cancer (CC). The country is introducing an organized screening system, including human papillomavirus screening. Studies show a high dropout rate among eligible women in continuing testing. @*Methods@#This descriptive-analytic study was part of the first phase of a clinical trial conducted on a random sample of 400 women aged 18–49 in Andimeshk City, Khuzestan Province, in 2020. The data collection tool consisted of a man-made questionnaire that included domains of demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitude, practice, and self-efficacy in the Pap smear test. The data were analyzed with Stata-16 using linear and logistic regression models. @*Results@#The mean knowledge, attitude, and self-efficacy scores were 6.80±2.33, 34.99±4.32, and 28.67±7.34, respectively. In the multiple models, every unit increase in the knowledge or attitude scores raised the mean self-efficacy score by 1.04 and 0.48, respectively (P<0.001). Every unit increase in the knowledge and self-efficacy scores increased the chance of performing Pap smear 1.61 and 1.41 times, respectively (P<0.001). @*Conclusion@#Given the association of women’s knowledge and self-efficacy with practice in performing the Pap smear, it seems that an effective program promoting women’s health behavior regarding CC screening would include applied education to raise community awareness and improve women’s attitudes, self-efficacy, and practice.

Neuropathic Pain after Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Correction Surgery

Methods@#Forty AIS patients were recruited. Demographic, preoperative, and postoperative data were recorded. The magnitude and characteristics of postoperative pain were assessed using the painDETECT questionnaire through telephone enquiries at intervals of 2, 6, 12, and 24 weeks. Statistical analyses were followed by Pearson correlation test to determine the relationship between pain scores at 6, 12, and 24 weeks with the risk factors. @*Results@#Based on the painDETECT questionnaire, 90% of the patients had nociceptive pain, and 10% had a possible neuropathic pain component at 2 weeks postoperatively as per a mean painDETECT score of 7.1±4.5. Assessments at 6, 12, and 24 weeks showed that no patients had neuropathic pain with painDETECT scores of 4.4±3.2, 2.9±2.9, and 1.5±2.0, respectively. There was a significant correlation between total postoperative morphine use during 48 hours after the surgery and a tendency to develop neuropathic pain (p=0.022). @*Conclusions@#Chronic neuropathic pain was uncommon in AIS patients who had undergone PSF surgery. Higher opioid consumption will increase the possibility of developing chronic neuropathic pain.

Knowledge, attitude, practice, and self-efficacy of women regarding cervical cancer screening

Objective@#Iran has a low incidence of cervical cancer (CC). The country is introducing an organized screening system, including human papillomavirus screening. Studies show a high dropout rate among eligible women in continuing testing. @*Methods@#This descriptive-analytic study was part of the first phase of a clinical trial conducted on a random sample of 400 women aged 18–49 in Andimeshk City, Khuzestan Province, in 2020. The data collection tool consisted of a man-made questionnaire that included domains of demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitude, practice, and self-efficacy in the Pap smear test. The data were analyzed with Stata-16 using linear and logistic regression models. @*Results@#The mean knowledge, attitude, and self-efficacy scores were 6.80±2.33, 34.99±4.32, and 28.67±7.34, respectively. In the multiple models, every unit increase in the knowledge or attitude scores raised the mean self-efficacy score by 1.04 and 0.48, respectively (P<0.001). Every unit increase in the knowledge and self-efficacy scores increased the chance of performing Pap smear 1.61 and 1.41 times, respectively (P<0.001). @*Conclusion@#Given the association of women’s knowledge and self-efficacy with practice in performing the Pap smear, it seems that an effective program promoting women’s health behavior regarding CC screening would include applied education to raise community awareness and improve women’s attitudes, self-efficacy, and practice.

Irrational Use of Quinolones in Tertiary Care Hospital Karachi, Pakistan

Objective: The antimicrobial drugs especially Quinolones are the top most therapeutics class of drug prescribed in some country like Pakistan in primary and tertiary care hospitals and clinics. The objective of the study was to assess the irrational prescribing practice of quinolones in tertiary care setups of Karachi. Methodology: A prospective observational study was conducted for the period of 04 months from November 2019-February 2020, in Public and Private Sector Tertiary Care setups of Karachi. Data was collected from surgical, medical and emergency wards on the basis of World Health Organization prescribing pattern, to evaluate the prescriptions based on Culture sensitivity tests (CST), empirical, targeted, and/or prophylactic therapies. Results: Out of total 1000 patients 41.6% patients were from Public and 58.4% were from Private Sector Tertiary Care Hospital. 13.7% of the patients from Public and 24.8% from Private Sector Tertiary Hospitals were prescribed Quinolones after performing their Culture Sensitivity Test. However, 79.8% of the patients were prescribed Quinolones without Culture Sensitivity Test. 36.4% patients were prescribed with empirical therapy, 20.2% with De-Escalation therapy, while 43.4% were prescribed with prophylactic therapy of quinolones. Conclusion: Study concluded that some serious efforts are required to avoid the irrational prescribing practice and promote the rational prescribing practice of antibiotics particularly for Quinolones.

Caesarean-Section Frequency and Indications among Doctors and Non-Doctors

Objective: To find and compare the frequency of caesareansection and its indications among doctors and non-doctorspresented to tertiary-care hospitals of Peshawar city, Pakistan.Methodology: A descriptive cross sectional study wasconducted in four tertiary-care hospital of Peshawar city ofPakistan. Data on Caesarean section frequency and itsindications were collected from the clinical records of 400participants from March to May, 2016.Results: Among the total 400 participants, the frequency ofcaesarean-section was 52.5% (80% in doctors and 25% innon-doctors). A statistically significant difference wereidentified when chi-square test were used to compare thedifference between the two groups (P <0.05). Emergencycaesarean was performed in 120 (57.2%) patients whileElective caesarean was performed in 90 (42.8%). The mostcommon indication for caesarean-section was failedinduction/failed progress of labor (23%).Conclusion: The increased caesarean-section rate observedin doctors community is highly alarming. Our results should betaken into consideration when formulating policies to managethe national trend of increasing caesarean-section rates.

The anatomical locations of postoperative pain and their recovery trajectories following Posterior Spinal Fusion (PSF) surgery in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) patients

@#Introduction: This study looked into the different anatomical locations of pain and their trajectories within the first two weeks after Posterior Spinal Fusion (PSF) surgery for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS). Methods: We prospectively recruited patients with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) scheduled for PSF surgery. The anatomical locations of pain were divided into four: (1) surgical wound pain; (2) shoulder pain; (3) neck pain; and (4) low back pain. The anatomical locations of pain were charted using the visual analogue pain score at intervals of 12, 24, 36, 48 hours; and from day-3 to -14. Patient-controlled analgesia (morphine), use of celecoxib capsules, acetaminophen tablets and oxycodone hydrochloride capsule consumption were recorded. Results: A total of 40 patients were recruited. Patients complained of surgical wound pain score of 6.2±2.1 after surgery. This subsequently reduced to 4.2±2.0 by day-4, and to 2.4±1.3 by day-7. Shoulder pain scores of symptomatic patients peaked to 4.2±2.7 at 24 hours and 36 hours which then reduced to 1.8±1.1 by day-8. Neck pain scores of symptomatic patients reduced from 4.2±1.9 at 12 hours to 1.8±1.1 by day-4. Low back pain scores of symptomatic patients reduced from 5.3±2.3 at 12 hours to 1.8±1.1 by day12. Conclusions: Despite the presence of different anatomical locations of pain after surgery, surgical wound was the most significant pain and other anatomical locations of pain were generally mild. Surgical wound pain reduced to a tolerable level by day-4 when patients can then be comfortably discharged. This finding provides useful information for clinicians, patients and their caregivers.

Clasificación de los factores que afectan la motivación laboral desde la perspectiva de los bibliotecarios de las bibliotecas especializadas de Ahvaz, Irán / Status and ranking of factors affecting job motivation from the viewpoint of librarians of special libraries of Ahvaz city, Iran

The aim of this study was to investigate the status and ranking of job motivational factors using Herzberg Two-factor Theory. This is a descriptive-analytical survey, and researcher-made questionnaire was used for data collection with reliability of 0.92 based on Cronbach Alpha. The statistical population included librarians of 7 special libraries of Ahvaz city, Iran, out of which 53 responded to the questionnaire. Data analysis was done using SPSS and descriptive and statistical statistics. The results indicate that according to librarians' viewpoint, from hygiene or extrinsic factors of job motivation, three components of qualified supervisor, proper management of affairs and desirable working condition, and from intrinsic or subjective factors, three components of success, assignment of responsibilities, and sense of achievement are in the first to third ranks, respectively. On the other hand, appreciation and salary components are in the lowest ranks among other factors. Therefore, it can be concluded that the status of hygiene (extrinsic) factors and motivational (intrinsic) factors is satisfactory in the studied population. However, it is required to plan for improving the current condition and compensating weaknesses(AU)

El objetivo principal del presente estudio fue estudiar el estado y la clasificación de los factores de motivación laboral basados en la teoría de los dos factores de Herzberg. El estudio consistió en una encuesta descriptiva-analítica, la cual se utilizó para recopilar datos. Este cuestionario fue realizado por investigadores y su confiabilidad se calculó 0,92 utilizando el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. La población estadística incluyó bibliotecarios de bibliotecas especializadas de Ahvaz, 53 de los cuales respondieron el cuestionario. Los datos fueron analizados por el software SPSS utilizando estadísticas descriptivas y estadísticas inferenciales. Los resultados mostraron que desde la perspectiva de los bibliotecarios de las bibliotecas especializadas de salud (externos) o de la motivación laboral, tres componentes del supervisor competente, la gestión adecuada de los asuntos y las condiciones de trabajo óptimas, y entre los factores de trabajo internos (subjetivos), la motivación, tres componentes del éxito, la asignación de responsabilidad y el progreso están en buenas condiciones. También, en función de los resultados de la investigación, en términos de clasificación del estado de los factores motivacionales, los componentes de las condiciones de trabajo óptimas, la gestión adecuada de los asuntos y el supervisor competente se clasifican de primero a tercero, respectivamente. Por otro lado, los componentes de apreciación y salario tienen el rango más bajo entre otros factores. En general, según los hallazgos del estudio, se puede concluir que el estado de salud (externo) y los factores de motivación laboral (interno) en la población estudiada fueron prometedores. Sin embargo, se necesita una planificación principal para mejorar la situación actual y eliminar las debilidades existentes(AU)

Evaluation of efficacy of intravenous magnesium sulphate versus dexamethasone for prevention of postoperative sore throat in patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery in prone position: a prospective randomized double blind placebo controlled study

Background: Endotracheal intubation is associated with postoperative sore throat. The aim was to evaluate the efficacy of intravenous magnesium sulphate versus dexamethasone for prevention of postoperative sore throat in patients undergoing lumbar surgery in prone position.Methods: 150 patients of ASA physical status I and II in the age group of 18 to 70 years were divided into three groups of 50 each. group I (magnesium sulphate) received intravenous magnesium sulphate 30 mg. kg-1 in a total of 50 ml of normal saline for 10 minutes after intubation, group II (dexamethasone group) received intravenous dexamethasone 8 mg in 50 mL normal saline for 10 minutes after intubation and group III (placebo group) received 50 ml of normal saline for 10 minutes after intubation. The incidence and severity of postoperative sore throat and hoarseness was assessed by an anesthesiologist unaware of the group allocation, on arrival in the post anesthesia care unit at 0 h, and at 1 h, 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h thereafter.Results: Both incidence and severity of sore throat and incidence of hoarseness was more in placebo group than magnesium sulphate group and dexamethasone group and was statistically significant (p<0.05) and was comparable between magnesium sulphate and dexamethasone groups.Conclusions: Endotracheal intubation is associated with sore throat and hoarseness of voice. Magnesium sulphate and dexamethasone given intravenously reduce the incidence and severity of sore throat and hoarseness associated with endotracheal intubation.

Study of Incidence of Depression, Anxiety and Stress Among the First Year Medical Students in Government Medical College

To study the incidence of depression, anxiety and stress in first year MBBS students of governmentmedical college Jammu. Materials and Methods: the study was conducted on 120 first year MBBS studentsof Govt. Medical College Jammu after informed consent and ethical clearance. All of them were asked tofill DASS - 21 questionnaire without disclosing their identity. Only 118 students responded by filling up theform. The DASS - 21 questionnaire forms so obtained were analyzed, statistically and tabulated. Themean scores for depression was 6.66+5.82, (range-0.00-21), Anxiety was 5.16 ± 3.79 (range-0.00-19.00)and stress was 7.88±5.03 (range-0.00-21). The scores are more in male hostler and student less than 19years of age. Medical studies are highly demanding and cause stress, depression and anxiety to medicalstudents and so should be rescheduled and made student friendly

Study of Nasal Index in Different Zones of Jammu and Kashmir

The anthropometry of nose is an important index to identify a pure race from mixed races . Nasal index isa very sensitive index in nasal anthropometry, as it varies with sex, race and habitat of the person. Theanthropometry of face in general and nose in particular has been used in forensic investigations,reconstructive surgeries and genetic counselling. To study the nasal index in different zones of Jammu andKashmir. 120 students of first professional MBBS Government Medical College Jammu were used assubjects. All of them were in the age group of 18 to 22 years. The length and breadth of the nose wasmeasured by means of digital calliper and the nasal index was calculated using the formula NASAL. Theresults so obtained were tabulated and analysed. LTS. Sexual dimorphism was seen in all the recordedparameters. Anthropometric variation for nasal index is seen in different zones of Jammu and Kashmir.Mean nasal index was 65.98+9.36 for males and 72.15+11.30 for females. Most common type of nasalform in both males and females is leptorrhine or moderately narrow nose.Nasal index plays a significantrole in determining sex and race and so is helpful to forensic investigators .It is also useful for plasticsurgeons while performing rhinoplasty of a particular region as it shows ethnic specificity.

To Determine the Incidence of Accessory Foramen Transversarium

To find the incidence of accessory foramen transversarium in dried cervical vertebrae. 150 dried cervicalvertebrae were collected from Postgraduate department of Anatomy Government Medical College Jammuand examined for the accessory foramen transversarium.Out of 150 cervical vertebrae, only 24 hadaccessory foramen transversarium with preponderance in sixth cervical vertebrae. Amongst the vertebraewith accessory foramen transversarium, 14 were bilateral and 10 were unilateral. In the present study theincidence of accessory foramen transversarium was 16%. This is important for Radiologists to interpretComputed Tomography Images and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of cervical spine.

A Study of Carrying Angle of Elbow Among Young Adults of Jammu & Kashmir

Introduction - carrying angle is the angle between the median axis of arm with the median axis of fullyextended & supinated forearm. This angle is important for swinging of arm during walking & carryingobjects. There is variability in the carrying angle among different age groups, gender and races. Currentstudy was done to evaluate carrying angle in young adults of J&K. The study was conducted in 150 (75male and 75 female) healthy MBBS students of Government medical college Jammu after obtaininginformed consent. Measurements for carrying angle were taken in both the arms of volunteers. Goniometerwas used to measure the carrying angle. Carrying angle was more in females than males (15.2 in femalesand 12.9 in males) however it was not statistically significant. The carrying angle was more on thedominant side in both the gender i.e. in males right side 13.09, left side 11.2 and females right side 16.54,left side 14.9. All subjects were right handed. No significant sexual dimorphism found though carryingangle was more in females and also on dominant side in both the sexes.

Treatment of alopecia areata affecting both eyebrows: case study

Safa(alopecia areata) means loss of hairs where ordinarily hair would be found. Safa(AA) is a type of non scaringalopecia that affects males and females equally and occurs in both children and adults. About 2% of the patients are affected and come to outpatient department for care. It is characterized by reversible hair loss most commonly involving the scalp although other parts of head, including eyelashes and beard may also be affected. A patient 16 years old was given Unani medicine for 45 days as local application on lateral aspects of eyebrows twice daily for thirty days and once for later 15 days.New hairs were seen on affected areas after one month, after 45 days normal hairs were seen on affected sites.It can be concluded that Unani medicine is effective in treating alopecia.

In Vivo Study on Laxative Effect of Prunus amygdalus Oil

Objective: In this study, we assessed the laxative effects of Prunus amygdalus oil (PAO) in constipation model of mice. Method: The animals were divided into 6 groups and Prunus amygdalus oil was orally administered in two dose-strengths (3.0 ml/kg/day and 6.0 ml/kg/day) in mice. Group one was administered with Lactulose (30 ml/kg/day) as standard. Understandings of the possible mechanism of laxative action 2 groups of animals were pretreated with atropine (10 ml/kg/day) that moderately inhibit the laxative activity of Prunus amygdalus oil. Results: Results of our study revealed that treatment of PAO was effective in increasing the fecal number and fecal weight and this increase was very close to standard drug Lactulose, which indicate the laxative activity of oil. Those groups of animals which were previously administered with atropine partially inhibit the laxative activity of Prunus amygdalus oil, specifying that laxative action is mainly facilitated through muscarinic receptors activation and indicated the occurrence of Acetylcholine like component. Conclusion: Our study results revealed the laxative activity of PAO mediated mainly with the cholinergic pathway. This study provides a basis for beneficial use of Prunus amygdalus oil in constipation.

Effect of Nano-Pulsed Cold Laser (NPCL) Light on Calcium and Phosphate Loss from Dental Enamel During In-office Bleaching with High Concentrated Hydrogen Peroxide Using Atomic Absorption Spectophotometer

To assess calcium and phosphate loss from enamel using 37.5% hydrogen peroxide (HP) gel with additional application of light emitting diode (LED), Diode laser and Nano-Pulsed Cold laser (NPCL) light sources compared to that of 37.5% HP alone using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Methods: Twenty teeth were sectioned to obtain mesiobuccal, distobuccal, mesiopalatal and distopalatal specimens. The specimens were randomly assigned to four equal groups. 37.5% HP of 1mm thickness was applied to the enamel surface of each specimen. Each group received three cycles of bleaching of 8 minute’s duration. Group II, III & IV received additional application of LED, Diode laser & cold laser light respectively. Results: Data was analyzed by means of descriptive statistics. Group III showed the maximum loss of ions while Group IV showed the least loss and the differences were statistically significant (P < .05). Conclusion: Teeth treated with 37.5% hydrogen peroxide with application of Nano-Pulsed Cold Laser (NPCL) light presented with significantly minimal calcium and phosphate loss