RESUMO
Seaweed contains various nutrients that has the potential to be a source of nutritious food, but only a few studies done on the red seaweeds in Malaysia. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the macronutrients content, amino acid profile and fatty acid component in Kappaphycus alvarezii and Kappaphycus striatum. The study found that the range of moisture, fat, ash, protein, fiber and carbohydrates content for both red seaweeds were 6.9% - 7.3%, 0.5% - 2.6%, 29.4% - 30.9%, 2.5% - 5.7% , 5.3% - 5.5% and 50.1% - 53.3% respectively. A total of 16 amino acids were identified in which the essential amino acid for K. alvarezii and K. striatum were 41.11% and 36.15% respectively. A total of 34 fatty acids were identified in which the content of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was the highest (42.7% - 72.8%), followed by mono-unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) (13.8% - 36.2%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was the lowest (13.5% - 21.2%). In conclusion, this study suggest that K. alvarezii and K. striatum are potentially be used as raw materials or food ingredients to improve the nutritional value of the human diet.
RESUMO
Our research attempted to show that mouse dental pulp stem cells [DPSCs] with characters such as accessibility, propagation and higher proliferation rate can provide an improved approach for generate bone tissues. With the aim of finding and comparing the differentiation ability of mesenchymal stem cells derived from DPSCs into osteoblast and osteoclast cells; morphological, molecular and biochemical analyses were conducted. In this experimental study, osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation was induced by specific differentiation medium. In order to induce osteoblast differentiation, 50 Micro g mL[-1] ascorbic acid and 10 mM Beta -glycerophosphate as growth factors were added to the complete medium consisting alpha-modified Eagle's medium [Alpha-MEM], 15% fetal bovine serum [FBS] and penicillin/streptomycin, while in order to induce the osteoclast differentiation, 10 ng/mL receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand [RANKL] and 5 ng/mL macrophage-colony stimulating factor [M-CSF] were added to complete medium. Statistical comparison between the osteoblast and osteoclast differentiated groups and control were carried out using t test. Proliferation activity of cells was estimated by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide [MTT] assay. Statistical results demonstrated significant difference [p<0.05] between the control and osteoblastic induction group, whereas osteoclast cells maintained its proliferation rate [p>0.05]. Morphological characterization of osteoblast and osteoclast was evaluated using von Kossa staining and May-Grunwald-Giemsa technique, respectively. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR] molecular analysis demonstrated that mouse DPSCs expressed Cd146 and Cd166 markers, but did not express Cd31, indicating that these cells belong to mesenchymal stem cells. Osteoblast cells with positive osteopontin [Opn] marker were found after 21 days, whereas this marker was negative for DPSCs. CatK, as an osteoclast marker, was negative in both osteoclast differentiation medium and control group. Biochemical analyses in osteoblast differentiated groups showed alkaline phosphatase [ALP] activity significantly increased on day 21 as compared to control [p<0.05]. In osteoclast differentiated groups, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase [TRAP] activity representing osteoclast biomarker didn't show statistically significant as compared to control [p>0.05]. DPSCs have the ability to differentiate into osteoblast, but not into osteoclast cells