Effect of female education on family size, contraceptive awareness and its practice

Objectives: To determine the association of female education with family size ,contraceptive methods awareness and its practice

Study Design: Descriptive / Cross-sectional study

Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out at Gyane and Obs Department, Fauji Foundation Hospital from 1st Oct, 2011 to 31 Oct, 2011

Patients and Methods: One forty nine married females having children were included in the study. Subjects were patients from Out Patient Department OfGynaecology and employees of Fauji Foundation Hospital. Data was collected through a questionnaire by convenience sampling

Results: A total of 149 females were selected by convenience sampling. Thirty five [23%] females were un-educated and 114 [77%] were educated from 5thgrade to FCPS .Average age at marriage was found to be 22 years. Most of females were house wives 80 [53%] while rest 69 [46%] were working ,cashing their capabilities in field of teaching, nursing, medicine and working as Aya. One hundred and two [89%]of educated females were having small families i.e 4 or less children while 11 of uneducated were small family size the difference is statistically significant [p value<.01].Ninety six [83%] educated females were aware of contraceptive methods as compared to 23 [65%] of uneducated females and the result was statistically significant [pvalue<.05].Regarding use of contraception no statistically significant difference was noted between two groups as 19 [54%] of uneducated were using contraceptive methods compared to 75[65%] of educated females. Condoms were the most commonly used method 26 [17%],followed by IUCD 17 [11%] natural method [8%] and bilateral tubal ligation [8%] while rest of females were using combination of contraceptive methods

Conclusion: Education of females has association with family size and awareness of contraception while use of contraceptive methods has no association with education and some other motivational factors play role in the use of contraceptive methods

Adolescent menorrhagia: causes and evaluation

To find out different causes of adolescent menorrhagia. Cross-sectional descriptive study. This study was conducted in Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Fauji Foundation Hospital Rawalpindi from 1[st] April 2011 to 31[st] December 2011. Fifty one un-married patients aged 9-19 years with menorrhagia were selected by non probability convenience sampling. All the details of history including blood loss, clinical examination and investigations were recorded in a proforma for analysis. The most common cause of menorrhagia was dysfunctional uterine bleeding [76.5%] followed by thyroid disorders [13.7%] and bleeding disorders [9.8%]. Dysfunctional Uterine bleeding [DUB] was found to be the commonest cause of adolescent menorrhagia. Patients with adolescent menorrhagia should be carefully investigated for different causes as timely intervention can help these young patients

Frequency of bacterial vaginosis among pregnant women with vaginal discharge

To study the frequency of bacterial vaginosis [BV] in pregnant women with pathological vaginal discharge. This descriptive and cross sectional study was carried out at department of obstetrics and gynaecology Fauji Foundation Hospital Rawalpindi from 20th Feb 2008 till 20[th] August 2008. In this study 208 symptomatic pregnant women with pathological vaginal discharge were screened for bacterial vaginosis by Amsel's criteria. The data was collected from 20[th] Feb 2008 till 20[th] August 2008 at the gynaecology outpatient department Fauji Foundation Hospital Rawalpindi. Patients were selected through non probability convenient sampling. Pregnant females at any trimester of any parity with complaint of vaginal discharge accompany lower abdominal pain, pruritis, dysuria were included. All non pregnant females were excluded from the study. Patients relevant data was entered on a proforma. The mean age of the patients was 32.32 +/- 5.3 years. The mean gestational age was 195.25 +/- 59.27 days. Bacterial Vaginosis diagnosed on the basis of 3 out of 4 Amsel clinical criteria was present in 38.5% patients. Out of these patients 91.25% had homogenous milk like discharge, 95% had a positive whiff test, 91% had clue cells and 93.75% had a pH > 4.5. Bacterial vaginosis when diagnosed using the three of AmsePs four clinical criteria is a frequent cause of vaginal discharge among pregnant woman

Rapid clinical diagnostic tests for bacterial vaginosis and its predictive value

To determine the sensitivity and specificity of Amsel's criteria for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. This study was carried out at the Outdoor Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Fauji Foundation Hospital Rawalpindi from 20[th] Feb to 20[th] August 2008. A total of 556 pregnant patients were seen among which 208 patients had complaints of vaginal discharge. These patients were then scrutinized for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis by employing rapid clinical tests i.e. Amsel criteria, which was further confirmed by gram staining in laboratory. Among 208 symptomatic women bacterial vaginosis was diagnosed in 38.55% [n=80]. These women had 3 out of 4 Amsel's criteria fulfilled i.e. presence of milky white vaginal discharge, clue cells, Whiff test or alkaline pH. The specificity of each criterion was calculated which came out to be 96% while for the Amsel's criteria it was 96.8%.The sensitivity was 84% of milky white discharge, 87% of Whiff test, 82% of clue cells and 86% of pH while the overall sensitivity of Amsel criteria was 92%. Amsel's criteria is a sensitive method for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis when compared with gram staining. It provides us with a rapid clinical results with sensitivity of Whiff test being 87%