Occurrence of Carbaryl, DDT and Deltamethrin Residues in Bovine Milk in Chhattisgarh, India and Risk Assessment to Human Health

The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of pesticide residues in bovine milk and associated health risks in human. To assess the pesticide residues, a total of 200 milk samples were analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with Photo Diode Array Detector (PDA).The residues of carbaryl, 4’4’ DDT and deltamethrin pesticides were found in the 27.5%, 11% and 5% milk samples, respectively. The spatial distribution of pesticide residues in milk samples indicated that carbaryl was wide spread over the entire study area. The non-significance differences in mean residual concentrations of all three pesticides in cow and buffalo milk samples were recorded. The human health risk assessment in terms of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health hazard was calculated based on both lower bound [LB (mean residue levels)] and upper bound [UB (95th percentile level)] limits at current levels of pesticides in bovine milk samples. The estimated average daily dietary intake (EADDI) of studied pesticides was found below the acceptable dietary intake (ADI) for both adult and children, at mean as well as 95th percentile upper bound (UB) levels. The values suggesting lower carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk to adult however children are at greater health risk.Keywords: Bovine milk, carbaryl, deltamethrin

Isolation, Identification and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiling of Listeria spp. from Raw Chicken Meat in Durg District of Chhattisgarh, India

Present work was conducted to determine the total aerobic plate count of raw chicken meat samples, isolation of the Listeria spp. and determining their pathogenicity along with antibiotic susceptibility pattern. The 100 raw chicken meat samples, collected from different retail outlets in and around Durg district of Chhattisgarh, revealed mean APC of 23.67×105 cfu/g (6.374 log10 cfu/g). Cultural examination of raw chicken meat samples showed an overall 37% prevalence of Listeria spp., comprising of L. monocytogenes (16%), L. grayi (11%), L. welshimeri (5%), L. ivanovii (3%) and L. innocua (2%). All the Listeria isolates exhibited a typical β-heamolysis with narrow zone on sheep blood agar and enhancement of hemolytic zone in CAMP test. The haemolytic Listerial isolates developed kerato conjunctivitis in Anton’s test and stunting as well as hemorrhages in liver and heart along with conspicuous thickening of CAM in chicken embryos. Results of antibiotic susceptibility testing of all Listerial isolates further revealed that most of isolates were multidrug resistance to antibiotics. The present work revealed that the raw chicken meat may act as an important source of Listeria for human being. The presence of multiple drug resistance among Listeria spp. isolates provides a evidence of the emergence of multi drug resistant Listeria strains, pointing to an increase in the potential threat to human health

Modern Naturalistic Enclosures: Comparatively an Enhanced Management Practice of Captive Felids in the Zoological Park

Due to the expansion of human population, threat for existence of all wild animals is gradually increasing. They are driven to exist in smaller areas and in the worst case scenario extinction. Zoos are being encouraged to improve the animal’s physical and social surroundings. In this study, the modern naturalistic enrichment introduced to large felids tiger, lion and leopard at Gandhi Zoological Park, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, was studied. The study has envisaged evaluating if the modern naturalistic enclosures could increase activity levels and how the felids opted to these enclosure. The enclosures were divided into menageries and natural enrichment, which had a varying degree of opportunities for the animals to climb, hide and rest above ground level. The environmental enrichment effects on the proportion of time spent engaging in active behaviors and stereotypic pacing in the large felids were compared and recorded using instantaneous scan sampling. The results of this study revealed clearly that large felids kept in more natural and complex enclosures performed less stereotypic pacing (unnatural behavior), and more exploratory (natural) behaviour than those housed in less natural enclosures reducing the stress level in captive tigers will enhance the animals’ overall physical and psychological well being, which will in turn increase the success of captive breeding programs. Furthermore, these results suggest that captive tigers should be housed in large enclosures containing natural substrate and vegetation, water pools, ample shade, a variety of resting locations and enrichment items