Trends in Lipids Level and Dyslipidemia among Chinese Adults, 2002-2015 / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE To investigate the trends of lipid profiles and dyslipidemia among Chinese adults from 2002 to 2015. METHODS Data were collected from three nationally representative cross-sectional surveys. Fasting venous blood samples were collected and serum lipids were tested by biochemical analysis and enzymatic determination. Lipid levels and the prevalence of dyslipidemia among adults were analyzed with complex sampling weighting adjustment for age and gender. RESULTS The weighted means of TC, TG, and LDL-c significantly increased linearly from 3.93, 1.12, and 2.12 mmol/L in 2002 to 4.59, 1.41, and 2.78 mmol/L in 2010 and then to 4.63, 1.47, and 2.87 mmol/L in 2015, respectively; by contrast, HDL-c levels decreased significantly from 1.30 mmol/L to 1.26 mmol/L over the same period. Similar trends in mean non-HDL-c and lipid-related ratios were observed. The weighted dyslipidemia prevalence linearly increased; in particular, hypercholesterolemia increased from 1.6% to 5.6% and then to 5.8%, hypertriglyceridemia increased from 5.7% to 13.6% and then to 15.0%, low HDL-c increased from 18.8% to 35.5% and then to 24.9%, and high LDL-c increased from 1.3% to 5.6% and then to 7.2% (P for trend < 0.001). CONCLUSION Dyslipidemia increased among Chinese adults from 2002 to 2015. Development of a comprehensive strategy to decrease lipid levels in this population is urgently required.

Effects of estrogen on the expression of phosphofructokinase muscle-specific isoform in genioglossus of chronic intermittent hypoxia rats / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of estrogen on the expression of phosphofructokinase muscle-specific isoform (PFK-M) in genioglossus of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fifty male SD rats were randomly divided into five groups: the normal control group (NC), the chronic intermittent hypoxia group (CIH), and three doses of estrogen plus hypoxia groups (LE, ME, HE). Rats in the latter four groups were used to build CIH models (8 h/d, 5 weeks). In the mean time, rats in the latter three groups were injected with three dose levels of estrogen (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 mg/kg), and rats in NC and CIH groups were injected with sterile olive oil as control. At the end of the treatment, the genioglossus was isolated and quickly removed. The mRNA levels of PFK-M were determined by real-time RT-PCR and the protein content of PFK-M was detected by Western blotting analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>PFK-M mRNA and protein in CIH group (2.144 ± 0.260, 0.875 ± 0.025) were both higher than those (1.000 ± 0.259, 0.413 ± 0.013) in NC group (P < 0.05). The expression of PFK-M mRNA in LE, ME and HE groups were 1.424 ± 0.193, 1.395 ± 0.251 and 1.310 ± 0.094, respectively. The expression of protein in LE, ME and HE groups were 0.638 ± 0.015, 0.576 ± 0.017 and 0.505 ± 0.021, respectively. Compared with CIH group, the expression of PFK-M mRNA and protein in LE, ME and HE groups were all inhibited significantly (P < 0.05). Among the three treatment groups, decreased protein content of PFK-M was observed only in HE group when compared with LE group (P < 0.05), but no significant difference was detected in the expression of PFK-M mRNA.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>CIH exposure could increase the expression of PFK-M mRNA and protein in rat genioglossus, while estrogen administration could dose dependently inhibit the overexpression.</p>

The effect of chronic intermittent hypoxia on p38MAPK in cerebral tissues of weanling rats / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>To study the effect of chronic intermittent hypoxia on p38MAPK in partial cerebral tissues of weanling rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Randomly, fifty male SD rats (3-week-old-4-week-old) were divided into five groups: 2-week-CIH group (2IH), 4-week-CIH group (4IH), 4-week-recovery group (4F), 2-week-control group (2C) and 4-week-control group (4C). Intermittent hypoxia model was induced by an intermittent hypoxia cabin. The expression of p38MAPK mRNA and the phosphorylation levels of p38MAPK (p-p38 protein) in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were measured by RT-PCR or Western blot respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>No matter in the hippocampus, or in the prefrontal cortex, the expression of p38MAPK mRNA and p-p38 protein in 2IH, 4IH and 4F groups were respectively higher than 2C and 4C groups (P < 0.05, respectively).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Chronic intermittent hypoxia can activate the p38MAPK in partial cerebral tissues of weanling rats.</p>

Effects of estrogen on activity and subunits expression of cytochrome C oxidase in mitochondria from genioglossus of rats subjected to chronic intermittent hypoxia / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of estrogen on the activity and subunits expression of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) in mitochondria from genioglossus of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) rat.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three groups: the normal control group (NC), the chronic intermittent hypoxia group (CIH) and estrogen plus hypoxia group (E + CIH). Rats in the latter two groups were used to build CIH models (8 h/d, 5 w). In the mean time, rats in NC group and CIH group were injected with sterile olive oil (0.2 ml each time, twice a week), and rats in E + CIH group were injected with estrogen (0.2 mg/kg, twice a week), respectively. At the end of the treatment, the genioglossus of the rat was removed and the mitochondria were isolated by centrifugation program. COX activity was measured with a spectrophotometer. The protein content of COX subunit I and IV was detected by Western blotting analysis, and mRNA expression levels of COXI and COXIV were determined by real-time polymerase chain action.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>COX activity in CIH group [(0.143 +/- 0.029) microkat/mg] was lower significantly than that in NC group [(0.273 +/- 0.058) microkat/mg, P < 0.01]; In E + CIH group [(0.203 +/- 0.073) microkat/mg], COX activity was higher than that in CIH group (P < 0.05), but still lower than that in NC group (P < 0.05). Compared with NC group (47.325 +/- 7.502), decreased COXI expression was observed in CIH group (10.789 +/- 8.144, P < 0.01) and E + CIH group (25.593 +/- 11.108, P < 0.01). While in the mean time, the protein content of COXI in E + CIH group was higher than that in CIH group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in protein content of COXIV among the three groups (P > 0.05). COXI and COXIV mRNA levels had no significant change among the three groups (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>CIH exposure could decrease mitochondrial COX protein expression and activity in the genioglossus of the rat, while estrogen administration might be beneficial to the recovery of those.</p>

Effects and relationship between NO and HIF-1alpha in rats with pulmonary hypertension induced by hypoxia / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>To investigate the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1alpha) in rats with chronic pulmonary hypertension induced by hypoxia and hypercapnia and its relationship with nitric oxide(NO).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fourty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups, normal control group (NC), hypoxia-hypercapnia group (HH), hypoxia - hypercapnia + L-arginine liposome group(HP) and hypoxia-hypercapnia+ N-nitro-L-arginine methylester group (HM). Colorimetric analysis, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were used for detection of NO, HIF-1alpha and constitutive nitric oxide synthase (ecNOS).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) The mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) and the weight ratio of right ventricular to left ventricle plus septum (RV/(LV + S)) of HH group were higher than those of NC group (P < 0.05), HP group much lower than HH group (P < 0.01), mPAP of HM higher than HH group ( P < 0.05). 2)0 Contents of NO in plasma and pulmonary tissue homogenates of HH group were much lower than those of NC group (P < 0.01), HP group higher than HH group (P < 0.01). There were no difference between HM group and HH group. (Expression of HIF-1alpha and HIF-1alpha mRNA in pulmonary arterioles of HH group were significantly higher than those of NC group( P < 0.01), HP group lower than HH group (P < 0.01) ,HM group higher than HH group (P < 0.01); Whereas expression of ecNOS and ecNOS mRNA in pulmonary arterioles of HH were lower than those of NC group( P < 0.05, IP group higher than HH group (P < 0.01), HM group lower than HH group (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>HIF-1alpha is involved in the pathogenesis of chronic pulmonary hypertension induced by hypoxia and hypercapnia. The protective function of NO in the pathogenesis might be partly depended on its effects on the expression/activity of HIF-1alpha in lung.</p>

Dynamic changes of urotensin II receptor in pulmonary artery and arterioles of rats chronically exposed to hypoxia-hypercapnia / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>To investigate the dynamic changes and functions of urotensin II (U lI) receptor (UT) in pulmonary arteries of rats chronically exposed to hypoxia-hypercapnia.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In rats with hypoxia-hypercapnia at 1, 2 and 4 weeks U II receptor binding of pulmonary arteries sarcolemma was determined by radioligand assay. U II mRNA and UTmRNA in various grades of pulmonary arterioles were measured by in situ hybridization.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) Mean pulmonary pressure (mPAP) and weight ratio of right ventricle to left ventricle and septum (RV/LV + S) of 1-week group were higher than those of normal control (NC) group by 26.2% and 21.6% (P < 0.01), respectively, and 2-week group higher than 1-week group by 22.5% and 14.1% (respectively, P < 0.01). However, no significant changes were found between 4-week and 2-week group. (2) U Il receptor (Bmax) of 1-week group was higher than NC group by 38.8%, 2-week group higher than 1-week group by 23.2%, and 4-week group increased 7.3% compared with 2-week group (respectively, P < 0.01). The UT changes were time-dependent, while the affinity to U II (Kd) was no different among each group. (3) UII mRNA in each grade of pulmonary arterioles of 2-week group and 4-week group were higher than NC group (respectively, P < 0.01), and those of 2-week group were higher than 1-week group by 5.9% (P > 0.05), 16.4% and 9.1% (respectively, P < 0.01), while no differences existed between 2-week group and 4-week group. (4) UT mRNA in each grade of pulmonary arterioles of all hypoxia-hypercapnia groups was higher than NC group (respectively, P < 0.01), and those of two abaxial grade vessels in 1-week group were the highest. No differences existed between 2-week group and 4-week group. (5) The pulmonary vessels remodeling were time-dependently aggravated by hypoxia-hypercapnia.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The dynamic changes of UT in pulmonary arterioles might have important contribution to the development of pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary arteriole remodeling induced by chronic hypoxia-hypercapnia in rats.</p>