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Objective To investigate the effects of different depths of anesthesia on incidence of postopera-tive cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Methods We systematically retrievedPubmed,OVID,CNKI,CBM and Wanfang database and VIP database for randomized controlled trials(RCTs)from inceptionto December 312016, comparing different depths of anesthesia for their impacts on incidence of early POCD. After data extraction and quality evaluation,Revman 5.3 software was used for statistical data analysis. Results A total of 714 patients in 8 eligible RCTs were identified. Results of meta-analysis were as follows.(1)Incidence of POCD of depth anesthesia (NTS=E0-E1)was lower than general anesthesia(NTS=D0-D1)1 d after surgery(OR=0.21,95%CI 0.13~0.35,P < 0.00001).(2)Incidence of POCD of depth anesthesia(NTS = E1)was lower than general anesthesia (NTS=D0)7 d after surgery(OR=0.45,95%CI 0.23~0.91,P=0.03).(3)Incidence of POCD of NTS=E1 was lower than NTS=D07d after surgery(OR=0.42,95%CI 0.24~0.71,P=0.001). Conclusion Comparedwith general anesthesia,depth anesthesia is associated with a lower incidence of early POCD.
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Objective To investigate the effects of different depths of anesthesia on incidence of postopera-tive cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Methods We systematically retrievedPubmed,OVID,CNKI,CBM and Wanfang database and VIP database for randomized controlled trials(RCTs)from inceptionto December 312016, comparing different depths of anesthesia for their impacts on incidence of early POCD. After data extraction and quality evaluation,Revman 5.3 software was used for statistical data analysis. Results A total of 714 patients in 8 eligible RCTs were identified. Results of meta-analysis were as follows.(1)Incidence of POCD of depth anesthesia (NTS=E0-E1)was lower than general anesthesia(NTS=D0-D1)1 d after surgery(OR=0.21,95%CI 0.13~0.35,P < 0.00001).(2)Incidence of POCD of depth anesthesia(NTS = E1)was lower than general anesthesia (NTS=D0)7 d after surgery(OR=0.45,95%CI 0.23~0.91,P=0.03).(3)Incidence of POCD of NTS=E1 was lower than NTS=D07d after surgery(OR=0.42,95%CI 0.24~0.71,P=0.001). Conclusion Comparedwith general anesthesia,depth anesthesia is associated with a lower incidence of early POCD.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on gastric mucosal injury induced by intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats.Methods Thirty-six healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 4-5 months,weighing 200-250 g,were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =9 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (group S),intestinal I/R group (group I/R),low-dose dexmedetomidine group (group LD),and high-dose dexmedetomidine group (group HD).Intestinal I/R was produced by occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery for 1 h followed by 2 h reperfusion in anesthetized rats.Dexmedetomidine 2.5 and 5.0 μg · kg-1 · h-1 were infused via the caudal vein for 1 h starting from 1 h before ischemia in LD and HD groups,respectively.The rats were sacrificed at 2 h of reperfusion,and the gastric mucosa was obtained for examination of the pathological changes (with light microscope) and for determination of the expression of serine/threonine kinase (Akt),phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt),activated caspase-3 and caspase-3 (by Western blot).The ratio of p-Akt to Akt (p-Akt/Akt)was calculated to reflect the phosphorylation of Akt.The ratio of activated caspase-3 to easpase-3 (activated caspase-3/caspase-3) was calculated to reflect the activation of caspase-3.Results Compared with group S,the expression of Akt was significantly up-regulated,the expression of p-Akt was significantly downregulated,the phosphorylation of Akt was significantly decreased,and the activation of caspase-3 was significantly increased in group I/R,and the expression of p-Akt was significantly up-regulated,and the phosphorylation of Akt and activation of caspase-3 were significantly increased in LD and HD groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group I/R,the expression of Akt was significantly down-regulated,the expression of p-Akt was significantly up-regulated,the phosphorylation of Akt was significantly increased,and the activation of caspase-3 was significantly decreased in LD and HD groups (P＜0.05).The degree of gastric mucosal injury was significantly lower in LD and HD groups than in group I/R,and there was no significant difference in the degree of gastric mucosal injury between group LD and group HD.Conclusion Dexmedetomidine can attenuate gastric mucosal injury induced by intestinal I/R,and the mechanism may be related to activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathways and inhibition of cell apoptosis in rats.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand where and how drug-using and sexual behaviors occurred among drug users.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-five drug users were recruited from detoxification centers and communities. In-depth interview was used to collect information about drug-using and sexual behaviors. Each subject was interviewed separately and privately for about 2 - 3 hours.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Most drug users shifted from oral taking drugs to injecting drugs in order to reduce economic burden and look for "high feeling". Reasons for not injecting among few drug users included 'perceiving information on harm of injection', 'over-dose death' or 'infection with HIV'. Most drug users knew that HIV transmit through sharing needles or having sexual intercourse without using a condom. However, needles were shared at night when drug or needles were scarce. Promiscuous sexual relationship was common among drug users. Most female drug users had engaged in prostitution but few used condoms.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>High-risk drug injecting behaviors and high-risk sexual behaviors were prevalent among drug users despite knowledge on HIV transmission and prevention. Thus, education alone would not work unless specific intervention programs are taken.</p>
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Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Assunção de Riscos , Comportamento Sexual , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , PsicologiaRESUMO
With the coming of knowledge economics, technical innovation is becoming more and more important.However, the risk accompanied to the technical innovation exists everywhere and is a serious problem demanding prompt solution.Facing the realistic condition, a new idea on the application of vague comprehensive evaluation model to investigating the technical risk in Chinese materia medica innovation project has been put forward.According to the properties of new drug project and the vague mathematic theory, the determined nature issue has been quantified, what happened described objectively, and a model of vague comprehensive evaluation constructed increasingly.The result provides a prerequisite for investment and decision of the technical project.By the analysis of risk factors it is easy and aggressive to control and avoid the risk during the process of project implement.Generally the vague comprehensive evaluation model can be available and benefit to adjust the investment structure and to enhance the scientific decision level.