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Aim: To compare and evaluate the efficacy of different irrigation techniques in removing calcium hydroxide from apical third of root canal. Materials and methods: Root canals of forty five single rooted mandibular premolars were prepared using rotary ProTaper upto F3. The roots were split longitudinally and a groove made in apical third and filled with calcium hydroxide powder mixed with distilled water. The two halves were reassembled and irrigation was done as per the study protocol. The specimen were disassembled and examined under stereomicroscope for the amount of remaining calcium hydroxide in the groove. Result: No significant difference was found between passive ultrasonic irrigation (Endosonic PS tips) and Laser Activated irrigation (Er,Cr:YSGG Laser)in removing calcium hydroxide from root canals but significant difference was found when compared to needle irrigation. Conclusion: Endosonic PS tips and LAI was superior in removal of calcium hydroxide from root canals as compared to needle irrigation though none of them could completely remove the medicament
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Background: Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is more common in children in comparison of adults. Dyslipidaemia is considered one of the common findings of nephritic syndrome. C reactive protein (CRP) is considered one of the important marker of inflammation as well as cardiovascular disease. Therefore the present study was designed to assess if there is any relation between lipid profile, CRP and nephorotic syndrome. Methods: Present study included thirty (30) children suffering from nephritic syndrome and thirty (30) healthy children as from pediatric wards of Rajshree Medical Research Institute, Bareilly. All children with nephrotic syndrome and control group were between 2-12 years of age. Serum cholesterol level (normal range 150-200 mg/dl), triglycerides (normal range 60-165 mg/dl) and serum VLDL were measured by Enzymatic colorometric method. Whereas HDL (normal range 30-70 mg/dl) was measured by Phosphotungstate method. Serum LDL was calculated by Friedewald‟s equation. Serum Albumin (normal range 3.5-5 gm/dl) was measured by Photometric method. CRP was estimated by enzyme linked immune assay (ELISA) method. Results: TC (p<0.01), LDL (p<0.01) and TG (p<0.01) were significantly high in patients of nephrotic syndrome in comparison of control children. Further, HDL (p<0.01) was significantly low in nephrotic syndrome group in comparison of control group. Tthere was an insignificant difference in VLDL of both groups. There was an insignificant difference in CRP (p<0.07) of both groups. Conclusion: Findings of the current study suggest that dyslipidaemia is associated with nephritis syndrome. This high level of lipoprotein can lead to future cardiovascular diseases in nephrotic syndrome patients. Although, CRP level which is a strong predicator of CVD is normal; nevertheless, risk of future CVD cannot be ruled out. However, more studies on large populations are required to establish a relation between lipid profile, CRP and nephrotic syndrome.
RESUMO
Natural products, either as pure compounds or as standardized plant extracts, provide extensive opportunities for new drug leads because of the unmatched availability of chemical diversity. In contrast to modern medicines, herbal medicines are frequently used to treat chronic diseases. Standardization guarantees the content of one or more active constituents and marker compounds. The plant environment and genetic factors could significantly affect the biochemical components of the plant extract, in which plants are still the most abundant and cost-effective resource for drug innovation. Production of botanical drugs requires genetically uniform monocultures of the source plant in fully standardized conditions, to assure the biochemical consistency and to optimize the safety and efficacy of every crop. The present review article illustrates about the methods for standardization of herbal medicine and how the goal of preparing herbal medicines of consistent quality and effects can be achieved.