Morphological And Morphometric Study Of Nutrient Foramina Of Femur In South Indian Population

Background: The knowledge of variations in the position of nutrient foramina and hence nutrient arteries isimportant for orthopedicians and radiologists for various procedures.Introduction: The major blood supply to long bones occurs through the nutrient arteries, which enter through theforamina called nutrient foramina. The blood supply from nutrient artery is essential during the growing period,also during the early phases of ossification, and in procedures such as bone grafts, transplant techniques inorthopaedics. The present study analyzed the position and number of nutrient foramina in the diaphysis of fiftyadult femora.Aim: to determine the number, direction, position of nutrient foramen and whether the nutrient foramina obeythe general rule that is, directed away from the growing end of the boneMaterials and Method: The present study has been undertaken in Fifty dry adult femora of South Indian origin inthe Department of Anatomy, M.S Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore. The number, directions, position of nutrientforamen in femur were measured with a digital Vernier caliper. The data were tabulated as mean + SD andstatistically compared between the right and left sides.Results: A total of 75 foramina were examined in the 50 bones. 40 in Right sided femur and 35 in left sided femur.46% bones had single foramina and 52% bones had double foramina. Foramen was absent in 2% bones. Allnutrient foramina in the femur were directed proximally, away from the growing end. 16% of the foramina werelocated in the proximal third of the bone and the rest 84% were located in the middle third of the bone. There wasno significant difference in location of foramina between right and left sided bones.Conclusion: This study will provide the ethnic data for comparison among various populations. It is also helpfulin interpretation of radiological images and for orthopedic procedures. Precise knowledge of usual and anomalousposition of nutrient foramina and hence the nutrient artery may help the orthopaedician for the internal fixationat appropriate place in the long bone. The location of nutrient foramen is important for bone grafts, tumourresections, in traumas, congenital pseudoarthrosis and more recently in microsurgical vascularised bonetransplantation

A Study Of Morphology And Morphometry Of Proximal End Of Dry Radius Bones With Its Clinical Implications

Background: Fracture of the radial head constitute 1/3rd of all the elbow fractures. It occurs as a result of a fall onan outstretched hand or a direct blow to the lateral aspect of elbow joint. This is now becoming more commondue to pre existing co-morbidities like osteoporosis and chronic osteoarthritis. Surgical correction of thecomminuted fractures of radial head involves reconstruction or replacement with artificial radial head prosthesisin cases where reconstruction is not possible.Aims and Objectives: To analyze the morphometric details of proximal end of radius and to describe themorphological features of head and bicipital tuberosity of the radius.Materials & Methodology: Sixty dry human adult radius bones of unknown age and sex were assessed formorphometric and morphological characters. Vernier caliper was used to measure the various parameters onthe proximal ends of radius bones. The data was tabulated and analyzed using SPSS software.Results: The mean length of radius was found to be 23.98 cm. Antero-posterior diameter and transverse diameterof head was 2.01 cm and 1.98 cm respectively. The height of radial head at medial end, height of radial head atlateral end, depth of articular facet and radial head circumference were 0.91 cm ,0.73 cm, 2.91 cm, 4.78 cmrespectively. The length of neck of the radius, diameter of proximal end of neck of radius, diameter of distal endof neck of radius was 1.28 cm , 1.37 cm , 1.32 cm respectively. The width of bicipital tuberocity, length of bicipitaltuberocity were 1.21 cm, 2.29 cm respectively.Conclusions: Fractures of radial head and neck are more common. Surgical management of displaced andcomminuted radial head fractures needs replacement with radial head prosthesis when reconstruction is notindicated. The results of our study are important in making anatomically and biomechanically suitable radialhead prosthesis

A Study Of Femoral Neck Anteversion In South Indian Population And Its Clinical Significance

Background: The femoral neck anteversion (FNA) also known as femoral torsion can be defined as the angleformed by the femoral condylar plane and a plane passing through the centre of the femoral neck and head. Thechange in the angle of femoral anteversion is associated with various clinical conditions. The data establishedin this study will be useful for various orthopedic procedures like arthroplasties, evaluation of pathologicconditions of the hip.Aim: To measure the angle of anteversion of femoral neck and determine the variation of this angle on both thesides.Materials and Methods: 90 dry femora 45 right and 45 left devoid of any gross pathology were obtained from thedepartment of anatomy, M S Ramaiah Medical College. The angle of femoral neck torsion was measured usinggoniometer in 90 dry bones were measured by Kingsley Olmsted method. The results obtained were tabulatedand statistically analyzed.Results: The mean femoral neck anteversion angle for right femur was 12.09° ± 4.56°, and for left femur it was12.53° ± 3.28°. Statistical analysis revealed the difference of means of FNA angle between the right and leftfemora was statistically non significant (p=0.65). Femoral anterversion was observed in 72.22% of bones while27.77% bones showed retroversion.Conclusion: The morphology of proximal end of femur is of special interest because of susceptibility of this areato numerous disorders in adults and in paediatric age group and the treatment needs a detailed anatomicalknowledge of angle of femoral neck torsion.

Morphometric Study Of Ventricular Indices In Human Brain Using Computed Tomography Scans In Indian Population

Introduction: Ventricular enlargement is a characteristic physical change that is present frequently in a numberof cerebral disorders encountered in neurologic and psychiatric practice. Quantitative assessment of neuroimagesfor ventricular size is an effective approach to reveal structural changes in conditions such as Alzheimer’sDisease, schizophrenia, Huntington’s disease, hydrocephalus and many other neurological and psychiatricdisorders.Aim: The present study is being done with the aim to establish normal ventricular indices of brain in both sexesand to find the correlation between these indices in different age groups in Indian population.Materials and Methods: The data for the present study are 300 CT scan which are collected from department ofRadiology, Ramaiah hospitals. The following indices such as Evans index, bifrontal index, bicaudate index, cellamedia index, third ventricular index , Huckman’s index and ventricular index were calculated. The parameterswere tabulated and statistically analyzed.Results: The ventricular indices showed statistically significant difference between males and females in all theindices except for cella media index. There was positive correlation coefficient between age and indices whichwas statistically significant.Conclusion: The knowledge of normal anatomy of ventricular system of brain helpful for clinicians, neurosurgeonsand radiologists in day to day clinical practice

Correlation Of Human Height With Foot Length In Indian Individuals

Introduction: The height estimation is as important as other parameters like age, sex and race especially inmedico-legal cases. The environmental and genetic factors influence the development of various parts of body.Although bilateral symmetry is a feature seen in humans, there is asymmetry in the foot length without gender orhandedness bias.Aim: To study the relationship of human height with foot length and to derive a mathematical module to predictthe height from foot length.Materials and Methods: This is a Cross-sectional study carried out in Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore in234 individuals aged between 18 and 25 years of age. Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation coefficientand linear regression were employed for the Statistical analysis of the dataResults: The overall mean foot length observed was 22.82 ±1.10 cms. There was significant difference in the meanvalues between right and left foot length which was statistically significant (P value = <0.001). The height showeda statistically significant positive correlation with left foot length in both males and females. Linear regressionequation was derived to predict height from foot length in both males and females.Conclusion: In the present study, there was a statistically significant difference in right and left side mean footlength measurements in both sexes. A positive correlation was observed between height and foot length and leftfoot length had better correlation with height in both sexes. It was concluded from further analysis that otherparameters need to be considered for better predictability of height.

Langer’s Axillary Arch and Its Clinical Implications.

Introduction: The axillary arch muscle of Langer is the most common anatomical variant of axillary musculature which is of clinical and surgical importance. It may lead to neurovascular compression syndrome in the cervicoaxillary region and can be misinterpreted while examining axilla and also impairs movements of shoulder joint. Observation: During routine dissection of axilla for undergraduate teaching, an unusual muscular slip in the left axilla was observed .The muscular slip was extending from lattisimus dorsi muscle to undersurface of pectoralis major muscle, arching over axillary vessels and cords of brachial plexus. Conclusion: The axillary arch may cause obstruction to axillary vessels and nerves and may be involved in thoracic outlet syndrome and shoulder instability. The knowledge of this muscular variant could help to minimize intraoperative complications related to surgeries in or nearby axilla such as mastectomy, breast reconstruction and axillary lymphadenectomy or lymph node biopsy.

High origin of left testicular artery associated with accessory renal artery and renal cyst; a cadaveric observation.

The variation in origin of the testicular artery is not uncommon, few reports about a high origin from the abdominal aorta exist in the literature. The renal artery is known to exhibit variations in its number and position. The knowledge of this variation will help the radiologists and surgeons in avoiding clinical complication during interventions. During routine dissection teaching to first year MBBS students at Sapthagiri Medical College, Bangalore we found variation in vascular pattern of testicular and renal artery associated with renal cyst. Photographs of the variations were taken. There was high origin of left testicular artery and accessory left renal artery associated with bilateral simple renal cyst in adult Male cadaver aged around 60years.There was also prehilar division of right renal artery associated with renal cyst. Anomalies in the origin, course and number of testicular artery were observed in 4.7 percent of cases. Additional renal vessels are known as the accessory renal artery and their incidence varies between 9-76%. In the present case there was high origin of left testicular artery associated with accessory renal artery and renal cyst. This anatomical knowledge of the presence of accessory renal artery and high origin of testicular artery in this case is important for radiologists, surgeons and urologist in their clinical practice.