Review of spectral domain-enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of tumors of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium in children and adults.

Background: Spectral domain (SD) enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI‑OCT) is a useful tool for anatomic, cross‑sectional imaging of retinal conditions. Aims: The aim was to identify characteristic patterns of retinal and retinal pigment epithelial tumors on EDI‑OCT in children and adults. Settings and Design: Retrospective review. Materials and Methods: Analysis of published reports and personal observations using office‑based EDI‑OCT for adults and portable hand‑held SD OCT for infants and children. Results: Using EDI‑OCT, retinal tumors such as small retinoblastoma, astrocytic hamartoma, and hemangioblastoma arose abruptly from the retina, immediately adjacent to normal retina. Small exophytic retinoblastoma and retinal hemangioblastoma showed the full‑thickness, homogeneous retinal disorganization with surrounding normal retina “draping” over the margins. Retinoblastoma occasionally had intralesional cavities and surrounding subretinal fluid. Hemangioblastoma often had adjacent intraretinal edema and subretinal fluid. Astrocytic hamartoma arose within the nerve fiber layer and sometimes with a “moth‑eaten” or cavitary appearance. Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) lesions such as congenital hypertrophy of RPE appeared flat with shadowing, occasional subretinal cleft, and abrupt photoreceptor loss. Congenital simple hamartoma showed an abrupt elevation from the inner retina with crisp, dark posterior shadowing. Combined hamartoma of the retina/RPE showed vitreoretinal traction causing “sawtooth mini‑peak” or gently “maxi‑peak” folding of the retina. RPE adenoma often produces remote macular edema or epiretinal membrane and the tumor has an irregular, “rugged” surface with deep shadowing. Conclusions: Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography shows characteristic patterns that are suggestive of certain retinal and RPE tumors.

Review of spectral domain enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of tumors of the choroid.

Background: Spectral domain enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI‑OCT) can provide anatomic localization of intraocular tumors. Aims: The aim was to identify topographical and intrinsic patterns of choroidal tumors on EDI‑OCT. Settings and Design: Retrospective review. Materials and Methods: Analysis of published reports and personal observations using office based EDI‑OCT. Results: Using EDI‑OCT, choroidal nevus displayed a smooth, dome‑shaped topography with overlying retinal pigment epithelium alterations, drusen, and occasional subretinal cleft demonstrating photoreceptor loss. Small choroidal melanoma showed smooth, moderately dome‑shaped topography, commonly with overlying shallow subretinal fluid that often depicted “shaggy” photoreceptors. Choroidal metastasis showed a minimally “lumpy, bumpy” surface topography and with overlying subretinal fluid and shaggy photoreceptors. Choroidal hemangioma showed a smooth, dome‑shaped topography, with expansion of the affected small, medium, and large choroidal vessels. Choroidal lymphoma showed varying topography with increasing tumor thickness as “flat, rippled, or undulating (seasick)” surface. Choroidal osteoma displayed a smooth undulating surface with visible intralesional horizontal lines suggestive of bone lamellae and occasional horizontal and vertical tubules with intralesional “spongy” flecks. Choroidal melanocytosis appeared as uniformly thickened choroid with increased stromal density surrounding the normal choroidal vascular structures. Conclusions: Enhanced depth imaging‑OCT can depict characteristic patterns that are suggestive of various choroidal tumors.

Detecçäo do DNA dos papilomavírus tipos 16 e 18 em lesöes epiteliais adquiridas da conjuntiva / Detection of human papillomavirus DNA types 16 and 18 from acquired epithelial lesions of the conjunctiva

Certos tipos de papilomavírus humanos säo conhecidos como vírus oncogênicos pela capacidade de induzir a transformaçäo maligna das lesöes epiteliais cutâneas, conjuntivais e da mucosa. Essa habilidade tem sido recentemente estabelecida, principalmente com a utilizaçäo de métodos de biologia molecular como a reaçäo de polimerase em cadeia (PCR) e as técnicas de hibridizaçäo. foi avaliada no presente estudo a ocorrência de fragmentos do DNA dos HPVs com suspeita de potencial de transformaçäo maligna, como os HPVs tipos 16 e 18, nas lesöes displásicas e carcinomas da conjuntiva ocular, através das técnicas de PCR e Hibridizaçäo por pontos. Foram estudadas 31 peças histológicas com diagnósticos que variaram de papiloma a carcinoma invasivo da conjuntiva ocular. Essa lesöes conjuntivais foram divididas em dois grupos; entre os que tiveram ou näo recidiva. Os resultados mostram uma positividade de 73 por cento para o DNA do HPV tipo 16 no grupo dos recidivantes e, 65 por cento entre os que näo tiveram recidiva da lesäo. Quanto a positividade ao HPV tipo 18, foi de 9 por cento e 5 por cento nos grupos recidivantes e näo recidivantes, respectivamente. A partir destes dados concluímos que a incidência do DNA do HPV nas lesöes epiteliais da conjuntiva é relativamente alta, sugerindo um possível envolvimento do mesmo no desenvolvimento das neoplasias.