Pregnancy associated breast cancer [PARC]

Pregnancy associated breast carcinoma is an entity which is diagnosed during pregnancy or within one year postpartum. [1] To understand the pathogenesis of pregnancy associated breast carcinoma. [2] To be able to manage this problem most effectively in the interest of fetus and mother. [3] To be able to avoid preventable complications of treatment. The pregnancy associated breast carcinoma can be managed effectively with various treatment modalities during various stages of pregnancy and lactation. It is not worse than the stage wise carcinoma breast in non pregnant women of the same age

Vesicovaginal fistula [VVF]

Vesicovaginal fistula is not an uncommon condition. It gives rise to multiple socio-psychological problems for women usually of younger age. It can be prevented by improving the level of education, health care and poverty. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment is required to help the patient. Preoperative assessment, treatment of co-morbid factors, proper surgical approach and technique ensures success of surgery. Postoperative care of the patient is equally important to avoid surgical failure

CPD: continuing professional development in health care

It is an international problem to keep the doctors up to date and complete in practice. Continuing professional development is development of the person as a whole. It is development of goal oriented individuals. Its focus is on planned changes [good changes] towards a better society. Its objectives are to provide most up to date and state of art services in various specialized fields of health care system

Optical internal urethrotomy for the treatment of urethral strictures

Aims and Objectives: To study the outcome of optical internal urethrotomy in the treatment of urethral strictures. Study Design: Prospective. Setting: Allied Hospital, Faisalabad. Period: April 1996 to Dec. 1998

Patients and Methods: A total of 70 consecutive male patients ranging from 5-80 years treated with optical internal urethrotomy for stricture urethra were included in the study. Follow up ranged from 12 to 30 months

Results: Trauma was the most common cause of urethral stricture. Fracture pelvis alone was responsible for 43% of the strictures while straddle injury accounted for another 23%. The incidence of iatrogenic and infective stricture was found to be 26% and 8% respectively. The results of optical internal urethrotomy were excellent in 61% patients who were treated with single internal urethrotomy. Internal urethrotomy was to be repeated in 21% patients and urethroplasty was performed in 9% patients. Clean Intermittent Self Catheterization and active urethral dilatation was applied as adjuvant treatment to prevent the recurrence of stricture

Conclusions: Internal Urethrotomy is safe and reliable procedure for simple urethral strictures while urethroplasty should be considered for complex strictures. Active urethral dilatation at repeated intervals still has a role in preventing recurrence of stricture after initial treatment with internal urethrotomy or urethroplasty