Analysis on incidence trend of liver cancer in China, 2005-2016 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To understand the incidence trend of liver cancer in China from 2005 to 2016, and explore the correlation between the incidence trend of liver cancer and the incidence trend of hepatitis B. Methods: The incidence data of liver cancer in China from 2005 to 2016 were collected from the Annual Report of Cancer Registry in China. The incidence data of hepatitis B were collected from China Public Health Science Data Center. World standardized incidence rate (WSR) was calculated according to the World Segi's population. Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the trend of WSR of liver cancer [measured by average annual percentage change (AAPC)]. The age-period-cohort model was fitted to analyze the age, period and cohort effects in people aged 20- years and above. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to explore the correlation between the incidence of liver cancer and the incidence of hepatitis B. Results: The crude incidence of liver cancer in China showed a trend of first increase before 2009 and then relatively stable. The world standardized morbidity rate of liver cancer in China decreased from 19.11 per 100 000 in 2005 to 17.74 per 100 000 in 2016 (AAPC=-0.5%, 95%CI: -1.3%-0.3%, P=0.240). The incidence of liver cancer in male decreased significantly (AAPC=-1.0%, 95%CI: -1.5%--0.5%, P=0.001). The incidence of liver cancer in women increased from 2005 to 2010 [annual percentage change (APC)=1.7%, 95%CI: -0.1%-3.4%, P=0.059] but showed a significant decrease trend from 2010 to 2016 (APC=-1.6%, 95%CI: -2.3%--1.0%, P=0.001). From 2005 to 2016, the incidence of liver cancer showed a decreasing trend in urban areas (AAPC=-0.3%, 95%CI: -0.8%-0.3%, P=0.316) and rural areas (AAPC=-3.9%, 95%CI: -4.4%--3.3%, P<0.001). Risk for liver cancer increased with age, while the period effect showed a trend of first increase then decrease and cohort effect showed a decrease trend. The morbidity rates of both hepatitis B and liver cancer showed decrease trends from 2009 to 2016, and there was a significant correlation (r=0.71, 95%CI: 0.01-0.94, P=0.048). Conclusions: From 2005 to 2016, the morbidity rate of liver cancer in China showed a decrease trend, and there were significant gender and urban-rural area specific differences. Age effect had a great impact on the risk for liver cancer. With the progress of population aging in China, liver cancer is still a public health problem, to which close attention needs to be paid.

Shanghai responding WHO acceleration in eliminating of cervical cancer / 上海预防医学

World Health Organisation proposed to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer worldwide at the end of 2020. To achieve the goal of "global elimination of cervical cancer"， this paper described the progress and effectiveness of cervical cancer prevention and control in Shanghai since the 1950s， and summarized the achievements of cervical cancer prevention and control in Jing’an， Jiangxi Province， aiming to provide evidence and experience for better prevention and control of cervical cancer in Shanghai， and then help the world to eliminate cervical cancer.

Hepatitis A contributed to the birth of the“public health at large” / 上海预防医学

China has consistently attached importance to health work .However , this health work has been limited to the health work in a narrow sense for long and people lack a sense of the public health at large for the whole society .In 1988 , Hepatitis A broke out and brought disaster to 300 thousand people in Shanghai .After completing systematic investigations , it was ascertained that this outbreak arose from eating raw clams contaminated by Hepatitis A virus .After prohibiting eating clams and implementing Hepatitis A vaccination over a long period , the incidence rate of Hepatitis A has been reduced to below 1/100 000 . The prevention and treatment of Hepatitis A and the control of clams are related to the environment control , aquaculture, commerce, sanitation, epidemic prevention, food safety and other related industries .In the course of controlling the outbreak of Hepatitis A , Shanghai managed to implement the “public health at large”. By attaching importance to the “public health at large”, Shanghai has strengthened the construction of its public health system , improved citizens ’ sense of health and promoted the health level for the whole society .

Schistosomiasis eradicated in Shanghai:another example for health promotion / 上海预防医学

This article summarized the history, achievements and experiences in controlling and eradicating schistosomiasis in Shanghai under the concerning of Chairman Mao, described the damage of schistosomiasis endemic and decision making as well as the achievement for elimination.The first tide of schistosomiasis elimination (1956-1969) was to mobilize people to involve into detection and treatment of disease.Combined with farmland renovation, snails were controlled in water conservancy facilities.By repeated molluscacide spraying, the snail density reduced remarkably.The second tide of schistosomiasis elimination was carried out during the difficult periods ( 1960-1975 ) . Snail control continued until schistosomiasis eliminated.New methods of detection and snail control were improved.Areas with snails were cleaned one by one until completely eliminated.The third tide of elimination was consolidation and surveillance (1975-1990).After repeated detection and surveillance, in total 30 000 oncomelania were captured in 22 towns, among which none was positive.Detection to 150 000 people was carried out, and no new infectious case was found.No new infectious case was found in middle school students, recruit workers and new students.After 35 years of efforts to the successful elimination of schistosomiasis in Shanghai, both the production of the farmlands and life expectancy increased.

Correspondence analysis on random amplified polymorphic DNA genotyping and drug-resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains in Pudong area, Shanghai / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Using molecular epidemiology methods to investigate relationship between genotypes and drug-resistance of neisseria (N.) gonorrhoeae in Shanghai area.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprint method at the molecular level was used to differentiate the strains which were isolated from the outpatients of sexually transmitted disease clinics. The sensitivity to antibiotic of the 78 N. gonorrhoeae strains on 9 different antibiotics was tested and the relationship between different genotypes and phenotypes was studied.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Selected RAPD primer could give out a group of amplification polymerase chain reaction bands with some main segments common to all the N. gonorrhoeae strains tested and some segments were different among the N. gonorrhoeae strains. All the 78 N. gonorrhoeae strains could be classified as three different groups (I, II and III). The strains could also be distinguished as four types (A, B, C and D) according to drug-resistance status. Using correspondence analysis method, the relationship between the three genotypes and four resistance types could be identified.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>RAPD fingerprint seemed a useful genotyping method and could be used for molecular epidemiological studies.</p>

Relationship between ambient air pollution and daily mortality of SARS in Beijing / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the relationship between ambient air pollution and daily mortality of SARS in Beijing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The approach of time-series Poisson regression was used to assess the relationship between daily SARS mortality, ambient air pollution, and other factors from April 25 to May 31, 2003 in Beijing.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>An increase of each 10 microg/m3 over a 5-day moving average of PM10, SO2 and NO2 corresponded to 1.06 (1.00-1.12), 0.74 (0.48-1.13) and 1.22 (1.01-1.48) relative risks (RRs) of daily SARS mortality, respectively. The relative risks (RRs) values depended largely on the selection of lag days.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The daily mortality of SARS might be associated with certain air pollutants in Beijing.</p>

Application of random amplification polymorphic DNA in the genotyping of Neisseria gonorrhoeae / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To set up random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPD) method in genotyping Neisseria gonorrhoeae on DNA level, and to explore its use to trace the source of infection.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Four different pretreatments were used to extract the Neisseria gonorrhoeae genomic DNA with its advantages and disadvantages compared. Arbitrary sequence was then used to amplify the genomic DNA of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and RAPD fingerprint maps was applied to distinct the Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains. Finally, RAPD fingerprint of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain between patient and his/her sexual partner was compared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide method was classical in extracting genomic DNA, and could get integrated genomic DNA and good fingerprint maps, since main segments were common to all the Neisseria gonorrhoeae but some were different among strains so that the fingerprint of different Neisseria gonorrhoeae were distinctive. However, fingerprint maps of Neisseria gonorrhoeae collected from sex partners were quite similar.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Based on genomic levels, effective fingerprint maps could be identified and to classify the Neisseria gonorrhoeae into different genotypes. RAPD fingerprint maps could be used to trace the source of infection.</p>

A case-control study on the relationship between methyl-tetra-hydrofolic acid reductase 677 gene polymorphism and the risk of stomach cancer / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the relationship between methyl-tetra-hydrofolic acid (MTHFR) 677 gene polymorphism and the risk of stomach cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A population based case-control study was conducted and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was used to detect its genotypes.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among cases with stomach cancer, the frequency of C/C, C/T, T/T genotype were 25.8%, 54.6%, 19.6%, compared with controls as 34.5%, 50.9%, 14.6% respectively. Using C/C genotype as reference, the OR of C/T or T/T genotype was 1.52 (95% CI: 1.04 - 2.23). 53.3% C and 46.7% T allele were distributed in stomach cancer cases, while 60.0% C and 40.0% T in controls. The OR for T allele in relation to C allele was 1.31 (1.02 - 1.69) when C allele was used as reference. In addition, the present study showed that MTHFR677 AnyT genotype might interact with smoking, moldy food intake, wheat porridge intake, eating salty food and Hp CagA infection to increase the risk of stomach cancer. No interaction was observed between MTHFR677 AnyT genotype and alcohol drinking or green tea intake.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>MTHFR677 AnyT genotype, might increase the risk of stomach cancer development and the genotype might also interact with other environmental risk factors to increase the risk of stomach cancer.</p>

A case-control study on drinking green tea and decreasing risk of cancers in the alimentary canal among cigarette smokers and alcohol drinkers / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the role of green tea in decreasing the risks of gastric cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer among alcohol drinkers or cigarette smokers.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A population based case-control study was conducted in Taixing, Jiangsu province.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In Taixing city, identified cases of stomach, liver and esophageal cancers were chosen with informed consent. The numbers were 206, 204, 218 respectively. Controls were chosen from normal population having lived in the area for longer than 10 years, also with informed consent. Green tea drinking seemed to have decreased 81%, 78%, 39% risk for the development of gastric cancer, liver cancer and esophageal cancer among alcohol drinkers. It might also have decreased 16%, 43%, 31% on the risks of developing the three kinds of cancers among cigarette smokers. Interaction assessment showed that drinking green tea could significantly decrease the risk of gastric cancer and liver cancer among alcohol drinkers, with ORs of interaction item 0.23 (95% CI: 0.10 - 0.55) and 0.25 (95% CI: 0.11 - 0.57) respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Habit of drinking green tea seemed to have significant protective effects on the development of both gastric and liver cancer among alcohol drinkers while, green tea also having some protective effect on esophageal cancer among alcohol drinkers and on three kinds of cancers among cigarette smokers.</p>

Study on the protective effect of green tea on gastric, liver and esophageal cancers / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To assess the protective effect of drinking green tea on the development of gastric, liver and esophageal cancers.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A population based study was conducted in Taixing, Jiangsu province, including 206, 204, 218 cases, respectively, and 415 population controls.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Green tea decreased the development of gastric cancer risk by 40%. Dose-response relationships were observed between the length of time, concentration and quantity of green tea drinking and its protective effects on gastric cancer. For individuals who drink green tea for more than 250 g per month, the risk of gastric cancer reduced about 60%. Green tea might have protective effect on liver cancer. However, no protective effect of green tea was observed on esophageal cancer.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Green tea drinking might be a protective factor for gastric cancer. However, the protective effects of green tea on liver and esophageal cancer were not obvious.</p>