RESUMO
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate thirdhand smoke (THS) pollution in certain places of Nanjing, as well as to analyze its distribution characteristics.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From March to May, 2014, we selected 3 types of places (residencies, public places and transportation vehicles) that were close to people's living in Jianye,Yuhua,Jiangning,Xuanwu,Gulou and Pukou districts of Nanjing city.For each of the above 3 types of places, 2-3 smoking and non-smoking (smoking ban) locations were investigated, totally 51 locations, 9-10 samples were collected each location, totally 477 samples. The surface wipe sampling method in conjunction with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was utilized to quantify the levels of nicotine that served as the tracer of THS pollution.One-way ANOVA and t-tests were employed to compare the levels of nicotine collected at different places and locations.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Totally 477 samples were collected in this study, of which 27.0% was from residencies (129/477), 61.0% (291/477) from public places and 11.9% (57/477) from transportations. The levels of indoor surface nicotine in smoking residences, public places and transportations were (214 ± 55),(1 408 ± 177) and (1 511 ± 785) µg/m(2), respectively, which were all higher than those in the corresponding non-smoking places ((23 ± 9),(62 ± 11), and (46 ± 15) µg/m(2); t values were 13.79, 13.15, 3.45, respectively. P values were <0.001, <0.001 and 0.006, respectively).In the smoking places, the levels of surface nicotine on walls, desks, sofas, cabinets, door backsides and air conditioning openings were (171 ± 62),(232 ± 38),(373 ± 151),(903 ± 239), (978 ± 212), (1 721 ± 517) µg/m(2) (F = 7.06, P = 0.009).In the smoking condition, the levels of surface nicotine collected from public places were higher (F = 9.25, P = 0.024), while under non-smoking (smoking ban) conditions, the levels of surface nicotine collected from residences were lower (F = 7.88, P < 0.001).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>THS pollution was widespread in public places, residences and transportations in Nanjing city, which was more serious in the smoking environments than non-smoking (smoking ban) environments; the contamination was less serious in non-smoking (smoking ban) private residences; in the smoking condition, the levels of surface nicotine were relatively high at locations close to air conditioning openings, door backsides and cabinets.</p>
Assuntos
Humanos , Ar Condicionado , China , Habitação , Nicotina , Logradouros Públicos , Fumar , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco , Meios de TransporteRESUMO
Eighty adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: 1. In the experimental peptic ulcer group, 35 animals were induced to develop peptic ulcer by injecting 0.05 ml/kg of glacial acetic acid (more than 99%) into the submucosa of the stomach after laparotomy under aseptic conditions. 2.In the saline control group, 35 animals were injected with 0.05 ml/kg of saline into the submucosa of the stomach after laparotomy. 3.In the normal control group, 10 normal animals without any treatment were raised under the same condition as group 1 and group 2. The thyroid glands of three groups were taken at definite time intervals (1-28 days) after the operation. The right thyroids were prepared for cryostat sections after hexane quenching (-60℃) and subjected to the histochemical studies of acid phosphatase (AcP), alkaline phosphatase(AIP), a-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (a-GPD), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and nonspecific esterase (NsE). The left thyroids were fixed in Carnoy's fluid, stained with HE and subjected to histological study. The reactions of enzymes of the follicular cells in the group 2 were weaker than those in the group 3 (normal control) during the period of 2-21 days after the operation. The follicular cells became flattened and follicular lumens increased in size. These changes recovered to normal on the 28th day after the operation. In the follicular cells of group 1. In which peptic ulcer developed after injection of glacial acetic acid, the reaction of A1P was weaker than those in the group 3, but stronger than those in the group 2. The reations of a-GPD, SDH, and G6PD were stronger than those in the group 2, and as well as those in group 3. The reaction of AcP was stronger than those in the group 2 and group 3 during the 6-21 days after the operation. The follicular cells in the group 1 became flattened and the follicular lumens increased in size only during the period of 4-10 days after the operation and recovered on the 14th day after the operation. These findings suggested that the thyroid follicular cells of rat involved in the metabolic activities of the repair of gastric ulcer.
RESUMO
Using a quantitative method, the healing of the experimental gastric ulcer in rats was studied in various states of thyroid function. Rats were made hypothyroid by ingestion of thiouracil (0.1％ solution in drinking water for 10 days). Rats were made slightly hyperthyroid by ingestion of thiouracil and simultaneous administration of T_4 (3?g/100 g/day,ip) for 10 days. Rats were made hyperthyroid by administration of excess T_4 (10?g/100 g/day, ip) for 10 days. The normal rats served as controls. In all of these rats, gastric ulcer was induced by injecting a small quantity of glacial acetic acid into the submucosa of the stomach after laparotomy under aseptic conditions. After operation the rats in four groups were given those drugs as above respectively for 10 days. The volume (7.71?0.52mm~3' 5.5?0.78 mm~3 for control) and area (8.29?0.90mm~2; 4.39?0.73mm~2 for control) of gastric ulcer increased in the rats with hypothyroidism. The healing rate of gastric ulcer retarded (-30?9.4％ for volume healing rate, -50?2.1％ for area healing rate). The volume (4.75?0.88mm~3) and area (4.05?0.93mm~2) of gastric ulcer decreased in the rats with slight hyperthyroidism, and the healing rate of gastric ulcer accelerated (37?3.8％ for volume healing rate, 49?3.2％ for area healing rate). The volume (4.88?0.90mm~3) and area (6.16?0.74mm~2) and the healing rates of gastric ulcer in the rats with hyperthyroidism were similar as those of control. These findings suggested that (1) thyroxine is necessary for healing of the experimental gastric ulcer in rats and (2) thyroxine seem to accelerate healing of the experimental gastric ulcer in rats.
RESUMO
The histological and histochemical changes in the C cells of the rabbit thyroid during experimental peptic ulcer were studied. Acetylcholinesterase was used as the marker enzyme to identify C cells. Forty-nine adult male rabbits were randomly divided into three groups: 1. In the experimental peptic ulcer group, 24 animals were induced to develop peptic ulcer by injecting 0.15 ml/kg of 40% acetic acid into the submucosa of the stomach after laparotomy under aseptic conditions. 2. In the saline control group, 18 animals were injected with 0.15ml/kg of normal saline into the submucosa of the stomach after laparotomy. 3. In the normal control group, 7 rabbits were raised under the same conditions as groups 1 and 2 without any treatment. Thyroid glands were removed at different time intervals (1-28 days) after the operation. The right thyroids were prepared for cryostat sections and subjected to enzyme histochemical studies. The left thyroids were fixed in Carnoy's fluid and subjected to histological and other histochemical studies. The findings were as follows.In the C cells from the normal control group, the reactions of acetylcholinesterase, nonspecific esterase and acid phosphatase were rather strong. Acetylcholinesterase can be taken as a specific marker enzyme for C cells. The reactions of thiamine pyrophosphatase, succinate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and ribonucleic acid were weak which suggested that normal C cells were a at a lower state of functional activity. In the saline control group, the histochemical changes showed that the C ceils were in an active functional state during the early period of the experiment, which may possibly reflect the response of C cells to the operation stress and wound healing. In the experimental peptic ulcer group, the reactions of acetycholinesterase, nonspecific esterase, acid phosphatase, succinate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, thiamine pyrophosphatase and ribonuclic acid of the C cells in the experimental peptic ulcer group were stronger than those of the saline control group 7-28 days after the operation. These histochemical changes of C cells duting this period may suggest that the C cells were active in function and perhaps participated in the regulatory activities of the organism during its recovery from the disease. In none of the three groups did the C cells show any conspicuous histological and morphological changes at any time in the experiment.
RESUMO
The cells containing 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the antrum of the SD rat's stomach were demonstrated by means of Sternberger's PAP immunohistochemical method and quantitative analysis were performed by means of Weibel's stereological method. The results were as follow: The 5-HT immunoreactive cells in the antrum of the rat's stomach were found only in the surface epithelium and the glandular epithelium of the mucosa. The volume density (V_v) was 0.0038?0.0004, the surface density (N_A) was 42.86+3.20 cells/mm~2 and the numerical density (N_v) was 2627.11?200.42 cells/mm~3. The distribution of 5-HT reactive cells showed an obvious regional difference. From the lesser curvature to the greater curvature of stomach, the cell density decreased gradually. The cell density was the highest in the lesser curvature: N_A was 59.96?3.48 cells/mm~2, Nv was 3729.23?216.89 cells/mm~3; and was second high in the two side walls: N_A was 42.39?3.48 cells/mm~2, Nv was 2647.18+216.57 cells/mm~3; and was lowest in the greater curvature: N_A was 29.39? 4.49 cells/mm~2, N_v was 1843.00?280.09 cells/mm~3. Most of the 5-HT immunoreaclive cells were found in the basal third section of the mucosa and the cell density was the highest. N_A was 92.33?6.92 cell/mm~2,N_v was 5336.28?410.22 cells/ mm~3; in the middle one third of the mucosa, the cell density came to next: N_A was 27.69?2.38 cells/mm~2, N_A was 1708.68?146.65 cells/mm~3; and in the superficial third section of the mucosa, the cell density was the lowest: N_A was 7.29?0.53 cells/mm~2, N_v was 457.00?35.44 cells/mm~3. In addition, a detailed observation on the morphology of the 5-HT immunoreactive cells was also undertaken.
RESUMO
Fifty-two adult male rabbits, weighing 2～3kg, were divided into three groups. 1. Peptic ulcer were induced in 25 animals by injecting 0.3ml/kg of 40％ acetic acid into the submucosa of the stomach after laparotomy under aseptic conditions 2. 19 animals were operated as above but the same amount of normal saline were injcted instead of acetic acid 3. 8 normal rabbits were raised under the same conditions without any treatment and served as controls. The thyroid glands of three groups were taken at definite time intervals (1～40 days) after the operation. The right thyroids were prepared for cryostat sections after hexane quenching (-60℃) and subjected to enzyme histochemical studies. The left thyroids were fixed in Carnoy's fluid and subjected to histological and other histochemical studies. The following results were observed.The reactions of enzymes of follicular cells were weaker than the normal in the animals of the second group during the period of 3～21 days after the operation and injection of saline. The follicular ceils became flattened and follicular lumens increased in size. These changes began to show signs of recovery on the 28th day of the experiment. In the follicular cells of the first group of animals in which peptic ulcer developed after injection of acetic acid, the similar changes were observed as in the second groug of animals during the early period of 1～3 days after operation, but from 7 to 21 days after the operation, the reactions of Acid phosphatase, Succinate dehydrogenase, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Glycerphosphate dehydrogenase, Peroxidase, Adensine triphosphatase and Alkaline phosphatase were stronger and the sizes of follicular lumens were smaller, the colloid droplets were more numerous than those of the animals of the second group. These changes in the follicular cells of animals of the first group began to show signs of recovering toward norrnal on the 28 th day and became almost normal on the 40 th day after operation.These findings suggest that the thyroid follicular ceils were involved in the regulatory activities of the organism for the healing of the peptic ulcer.