The Role of Lactate in the Central Nervous System and Its Relationship with Related Diseases / 中国生物化学与分子生物学报

Lactate has always been regarded as a metabolic waste in the brain‚ and the understanding of its functions have been seriously lagging behind. In recent years‚ more and more experimental evidence has shown that lactate plays an important role in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Among nerve cells‚ astrocytes are the main source of cells for the production and release of lactate. The cells produce lactate through aerobic glycolysis‚ which is then released to the outside of the cells via transmembrane channels and enters neurons to supply energy. In the central nervous system‚ lactate plays a significant role in homeostasis regulation. Lactate regulates the functions and activities of neurons mainly through two pathways: metabolic pathways (as energy substrates) and signal pathways (as signal molecules) ‚which is extensively manifested in the regulation of physiological processes such as neuronal energy metabolism‚ excitatory‚ plasticity‚ learning and memory‚ and nervous system development‚ as well as the pathological processes including depression‚ Alzheimer’ s disease (AD) and brain injury. There is a lactate-specific receptor (GPR81) in brain tissue‚ and lactate binds to it to regulate the intracellular second messenger. In addition‚ it was also found that lactate can modulate the excitability of neurons through unknown receptors and other functions as signal molecules. Therefore‚ this article focus on the research progress of lactate as an energy substrate and signaling molecule and its involvement in related neurological diseases‚ which may provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of related central nervous system diseases.

Content determination of five flavonoids in Tibetan medicine Rhododendron anthopogonoides by quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker (QAMS) / 中国中药杂志

To establish a quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker(QAMS) method for five flavonoids in Rhododendron anthopogonoides and verify its feasibility and applicability in the medicinal materials of R. anthopogonoides. With hyperoside as the internal reference, relative correction factors(RCF) of rutin, quercetin, quercitrin and kaempferol were established by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) analysis. RCFs were used to calculate the content of each component, system durability and relative retention time. Simultaneously, QAMS and external standard method(ESM) were used to determine the content of five flavonoids in 12 batches of R. anthopogonoides from different origins. The results were statistically analyzed to verify the accuracy and feasibility. The fingerprints and cluster analysis data of R. anthopogonoides analyzed and discussed differences among the batches. According to the results, the RCFs of rutin, quercetin, quercetin and kaempferol in R. anthopogonoides were 1.242 6, 0.990 5, 0.535 0, and 0.781 3, respectively. The RCFs represented a good reproducibility under different experimental conditions. Besides, there was no significant difference between QAMS and ESM. Besides, the fingerprint and cluster analysis data showed the consistency between the classification and with the origin distribution of the herbs. In conclusion, the QAMS method shows a good stability and accuracy in the quality control of R. anthopogonoides.

Effect and mechanism of Angelica dahurica extract on promoting neovascularization maturation of diabetic ulcer / 中草药

Objective: To study the effect and mechanism of Angelica dahurica extract (AD) on neovascularization maturation in db/db mice. Methods: Forty-eight 8-week-old male db/db mice were randomly divided into model group and A. dahurica extract-treated group, and 24 littermate male db/m mice were set as control group. A mouse model of diabetic ulcer was prepared by punching the back. The A. dahuricae extract-treated group was administered with AD 1.8 g/kg ig, and control group and model group were ig administered with the same amount of normal saline for 21 d. The healing condition of mouse wounds was recorded at 2, 4, 7, 11, 14 and 21 d after trauma. The number and maturation of new blood vessels in wound tissues was observed by HE, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining at 11 d after trauma. Expression of fork head transcription factor (FOXO1) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) in wound tissues were detected by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. According to different intervention conditions in vitro, endothelial cells were divided into normal glucose and hypoxia group, high glucose and hypoxia group, hypertonic and hypoxic group, high glucose and hypoxia + A. dahurica extract-treated group. Endothelial cells were co-cultured with pericytes under different intervention conditions, and the effects of A. dahurica intervention on endothelial cells' chemotaxis and tubular structure formation in vitro under high glucose and hypoxia were observed. Western blotting was used to detect the levels of FOXO1, p-FOXO1 and Ang-2 proteins and their upstream protein kinase B (Akt) and phosphorylation protein changes in wound tissues and endothelial cells. Results: The wound healing rate of the A. dahurica extract-treated group, the general recovery of the wound, the number of blood vessels and the maturation of new blood vessels in the wound tissue were significantly better than the model group (P < 0.05). FOXO1 and Ang-2 protein expression levels in the A. dahurica extract-treated group were significantly higher than the model group (P < 0.05); p-Akt and p-FOXO1 protein expression in the A. dahurica extract-treated group were lower than model group (P < 0.05). After A. dahurica intervention in endothelial cells under high glucose and hypoxia in vitro, the expression levels of FOXO1 and Ang-2 protein in the cells were significantly reduced (P < 0.05), p-Akt and p-FOXO1 protein expression were significantly increased (P < 0.05); In addition, A. dahurica extract could increase the chemotaxis of endothelial cells to pericytes under high glucose and hypoxia and promote the formation of tubular structures of endothelial cells and pericytes in vitro under high glucose and hypoxia. Conclusion: A. dahurica extract can promote the formation and maturation of neovascularization, so as to improve the rate and quality of wound healing in db/db mice. The mechanism may be related to the down-regulation of FOXO1/Ang-2 pathway, the recruitment of endothelial cells to pericytes, and the promotion of the maturation of wound new blood vessels.

Application of the Virtual Reality-Pattern Visual Evoked Potential in Forensic Visual Acuity Evaluation / 法医学杂志

Objective To explore a kind of visual evoked potential test equipment and method that is more suitable for the application of forensic clinical visual acuity evaluation. Methods Thirty-four volunteers （68 eyes） were selected, including 15 males and 19 females, aged between 20 and 40 years. Test lenses were placed before the tested eyes of volunteers to induce refractive myopia with insert method, and the diopter lenses were adjusted so that the visual acuity level of one eye of volunteers was above 0.8, and the visual acuity of the other eye was at moderate damage level （<0.3 and ≥0.1）. The tests were carried out under the binocular simultaneous asynchronous stimulation mode （hereinafter referred to as "binocular mode"） and monocular separate stimulation mode （hereinafter referred to as "monocular mode"） of virtual reality-pattern visual evoked potential （VR-PVEP）, and the amplitude of PVEP of volunteers under the two modes was compared at four spatial frequencies of 8×8, 16×16, 24×24 and 32×32. Results The differences in the amplitude of P100 wave between monocular and binocular modes at 8×8 spatial frequency had no statistical significance and the differences in amplitude of P100 wave between monocular and binocular modes at 16×16, 24×24, and 32×32 spatial frequencies had statistical significance （P<0.05）. The amplitude of the same eye in monocular mode was higher than that in binocular mode. Through correlation analysis, it was found that the amplitude of P100 wave in monocular mode was moderately correlated with amplitude of P100 wave in binocular mode. Conclusion In forensic identification practice, VR-PVEP is helpful for overcoming the disturbance of poor fixation, and to increase the reliability of PVEP evaluation results. It can greatly shorten the detection time of PVEP and improve work efficiency.

How many more seizure remission can we achieve with epilepsy surgeries in a general epilepsy population?

@#Background & Objective: We knew that 63.6% of the epilepsy population can be seizure free with the use of anti-epileptic drugs (AED), but are unsure how many more with epilepsy surgeries. We aimed to determine the additional remission rate achieved with epilepsy surgeries in addition to AED. Methods: We analysed the seizure outcome among epilepsy patients seen retrospectively over oneyear period in University Malaya Medical Centre, Malaysia, which provides all levels (level 1-4) of epilepsy cares, in response to anti-epileptic drug (AED) and epilepsy surgeries. The seizure outcome was categorised into remission and drug-resistant, according to ILAE definition of drug resistance. Results: There were 909 patients seen during the study period, majority with focal epilepsy (63.3%), and Chinese (37.4%). Of those, 409 (45.0%) were in seizure remission, 238 (26.2%) had drug-resistant epilepsy and 262 (28.8%) uncertain. Only the remission and drug-resistant groups (N=647) were included in subsequent analysis. The mean age of onset in drug-resistant group was 14.8±12.3 years old, which was significantly younger than the remission group (20.8±16.8, p<0.05). There were 40 (54.8%) patients who underwent resective epilepsy surgeries (10 were lesion-negative cases). The seizure freedom rate with epilepsy surgery was 60.0% (n=24). Overall, a total of 59.5% of patients were in seizure remission with AED, with an additional 3.7% with epilepsy surgery. Conclusion: There were 3.7% of epilepsy patients achieved seizure remission with epilepsy surgeries in a general epilepsy cohort in addition to AEDs.

Epilepsy in Southeast Asia, how much have we closed the management gap in past two decades?

@#The last review on epilepsy in Southeast Asian (SEA) countries was reported in 1997. This review aimed to update the understanding of epilepsy management in this region over the past 23 years. There has been significant increase in the epidemiological studies which reported a prevalence of 4.3-7.7 per 1,000 populations in this region. Reversible aetiologies of epilepsy such as head injury, birth trauma, cerebrovascular disease, and intracranial infections (neurocysticercosis or meningoencephalitis) are still prevalent, with a surge in autoimmune encephalitis. There was a surge in genetic studies which suggest ethnic variation. Treatment gap is still high especially in the rural and less developed areas, and the availability and affordability of newer anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) is still a major challenge in SEA. Alternative medicine is a common practice but varies among different ethnic groups. AEDs hypersensitivity especially on the association between HLA-B*1502 and carbamazepine-related severe cutaneous reaction had been extensively studied and proven in nearly all SEA countries. However, HLA-B*1502 screening is not widely available in SEA and the cost-effectiveness of the screening is questionable. Stigma and its psychosocial consequences are still a major concern despite enormous efforts to study the public attitudes towards epilepsy and change of epilepsy naming in a few countries. The number and complexity of epilepsy surgery are progressing, but it is still under-utilized in many SEA countries, related to cost, cultural perception and lack of facilities. More resources should also be channelled in training adequate number of epileptologists who can spearhead epilepsy care around the region, as well as public education and research in epilepsy. In conclusion, there is an increase in epilepsy research in this region, gradual increase in trained neurologists and facilities, and efforts to reduce the knowledge and treatment gap, but the epilepsy management gap is still a battle to fight.

Hyperglycemia-Associated Hemichorea-Hemiballismus with Predominant Ipsilateral Putaminal Abnormality on Neuroimaging

No abstract available.

Application of PRVEP Waveform Amplitude Ratio to Evaluate Visual Acuity and Its Forensic Significance / 法医学杂志

Objective To research the correlation between the visual acuity ratio and pattern reversal visual evoked potential （PRVEP） P100 waveform amplitude ratio of both eyes. Methods Forty-seven volunteers were selected, and the visual chart visual acuity of both eyes was measured. The visual acuity ratio of the eye with poor vision to the eye with better vision was calculated by five grade notation method. The amplitudes of P100 waveforms of both eyes were recorded respectively by using black-and-white checkerboard PRVEP and chosing 1°, 15' stimulating visual angle, and the ratio of amplitudes between the two eyes was also calculated. SPSS 20.0 software was used to analyze the correlation between the visual acuity ratio and the ratio of P100 waveform amplitudes between the two eyes. Return test and linear regression analysis with the binocular ratio of P100 waveform amplitudes as the independent variable （x） and the binocular visual acuity ratio as the dependent variable （y） were made. Results There was a positive correlation between the binocular visual acuity ratio and the ratio of P100 waveform amplitudes under 15' stimulating visual angle （Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.62, P=0.000）. The fitting linear regression equation was y=0.090 x+0.846 （F=20.954, P=0.000）. There was no significant correlation between the binocular ratio of visual acuity and the binocular ratio of P100 waveform amplitudes under 1° stimulating visual angle （P>0.05）. Results of return test showed that there was no statistical significance in the difference between visual acuity estimated by equation and actual detected visual acuity. Conclusion In forensic appraisal of monocular injury, fitting linear regression equation of binocular visual acuity ratio and the binocular ratio of P100 waveform amplitudes under 15' stimulating visual angle, is helpful for visual acuity level estimation of the injured eye to some extent.

Chorea in Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

No abstract available.

Assessment of the Original Height of L1~2 after Vertebral Compression Fracture / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To explore the assessment method of original height of L1-2 after vertebral compression fracture and its application value in forensic clinical practice.@*METHODS@#A total of 154 normal thoracic and lumbar X-ray films were collected, and 140 cases were used as experimental group while 14 cases as validation group. The heights of anterior （Ha） and posterior （Hp） vertebral body of T₁₂-L₃ vertebrae in each X-ray image were measured. In the experimental group, the correlation analysis between HaL₁ and HaT₁₂, HpT₁₂, HpL₁, HaL₂ and HpL₂ was carried out, and regression equation was established via fitting. The correlation analysis between HaL₂ and HaL₁, HpL₁, HpL₂, HaL₃, HpL₃ was performed, and the regression equation was also established via fitting. The difference between the predicted and measured values of HaL₁ and HaL₂ in validation group was compared.@*RESULTS@#In the 140 normal subjects, HaL₁ （y₁） was well correlated with HaT₁₂ （x₁） and HaL₂（x₂）, and the multiple linear regression equation was y₁=2.545+0.423 x₁+0.486 x₂ （determining coefficient R²=0.712, P<0.05; F=169.206, P<0.05）. There was no significant difference between the predicted and actual measured values of HaL₁ in the validation group （ P>0.05）. HaL₂ （y₂） was well correlated with HaL₁ （x₃） and HaL₃ （x₄）, and the multiple linear regression equation was y₂=4.354+0.530 x₃+0.349 x₄ （determining coefficient R²=0.689, P<0.05; F=151.575, P<0.05）. There was no significant difference between the predicted and actual measured values of HaL₂ in the validation group （ P>0.05）.@*CONCLUSIONS@#It is more appropriate to evaluate the original height of L₁ or L₂ single vertebrae by comparing with the height of the anterior edge of the upper and lower adjacent vertebral bodies.

Research Progress of the Effects of Monocular Visual Impairment on Binocular Vision / 法医学杂志

Binocular vision refers to a progress of analysing and integrating the binocular visual signals into a whole and three-dimensional sensory perception by higher nerve centre. In this process, the interac-tion between the two eyes results in the changes of output signal, which is called binocular interaction. Through a series of subjective and objective experiments, it can be concluded that binocular interaction can be divided into three types: facilitation, summation and suppression, and the forms of binocular in-teraction in different visual states are different. In general, the visual signal is processed by binocular in-teraction, so that there are some differences between binocular vision and monocular vision. The extent of the difference can be affected by the damage of monocular vision and then affects the binocular vision. Thus, it is necessary for forensic scientists to further study the effects of the monocular visual impairment on visual function. Based on relevant data, this paper reviews the mechanism of the monocular visual impairment in binocular vision, the research methods and the application prospect in forensic science.

Progress on the Muscle Function Evaluation and Its Forensic Application / 法医学杂志

Accurate evaluation of muscle function helps to understand the recovery of muscle, bone, nervous system diseases or injuries, especially for muscle dysfunction caused by peripheral nerve injury.Therefore, the methods of muscle function evaluation have been the focus of researchers, with new methods having been constantly proposed.Muscle strength testing is an important part of muscle function evaluation.Besides hand muscle strength assessment, currently used muscle function assessments include simple instrumental test, isokinetic muscle test, electrophysiological test, etc.In addition, the application of needle electromyography, motor unit number estimation, motion unit index in muscle function evaluation has also been reported for several times.This paper reviews the research progress and practical application of these methods.

Chemical Constituents from Bletilla Ochracea / 昆明医科大学学报

Objective To study the chemical constituents from Bletilla ochracea. Methods The compounds were extracted by 95％ alcohol and isolated by column chromatography on silica gel and Sephadex LH-20. Their structures were identified by spectroscopic analysis (～1 H NMR and 13 CNMR).Results Nine compouds were obtained and identified as lusianthridin (1), 1, 2, 7-trihydroxy-4-methoxy-9, 10-dihydroxyphenanthrene (2), nudol (3), coelonin (4), batatasin Ⅲ (5), 3, 7-dihydroxy-2, 4-dimethoxyphenanthrene (6), daucosterol (7), β-sitosterol (8), stigmasterol (9).Conclus ion Compounds 2, 3, 5 were isolated from this plant for the first time.

Investigation and analysis for current situation and pathogenesis relevant to pulmonary hypertension / 中南大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To investigate the demographic characteristics and the causes for pulmonary hypertension (PH) in adult patients.Methods:A total of 2 508 adult patients diagnosed as PH,who came from the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from January 2010 to December 2014,were retrospectively investigated.All subjects underwent the clinical diagnosis,or the echocardiographic diagnosis,or thetraditional hemodynamic criteria by right heart catheterization (RHC).The patient's data including hospital numbers,gender,ages,primary diseases,etc,are collected and analyzed.Results:In this study,the number of patients diagnosed as PH was increased year by year.The median age of 2 508 patients was 47 (18-93) years old,and there were 933 males (37.2％),the ratio of male to female was 1:1.69 (P＜0.05).Female was more common in Class Ⅰ PH (pulmonary arterial hypertension) and Class Ⅱ PH (pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease)(＞70％),but there were more male patients (74.5％) in Class Ⅲ PH (pulmonary hypertension due to lung diseases and/or hypoxia).In our study,896 cases (35.73％) were the Class Ⅰ PH,1 163 cases was the Class Ⅱ PH (46.37％),411 cases was the Class Ⅲ PH (16.39％),and the Class Ⅳ PH (chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension) and the Class Ⅴ PH (PH with unclear and/ or multifactorial mechanisms) were diagnosed in 32(1.27％) and 6 patients (0.24％),respectively.The diseases with largest number of patients for the top 7 primary PH were rheumatic heart disease (1 090,43.48％),congenital heart disease (692,27.60％),chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (358,14.28％),connective tissue related disease(156,6.22％),valvular heart disease (66,2.63％),idiopathic PH (46,1.83％) and pulmonary embolism (27,1.08％).Conclusion:Adult PH patients' peak incidence age is 41-50 years old.This disease is more common among women,and the Class Ⅰ/Ⅱ PH are common in women while the Class Ⅲ is more common in men.Rheumatic heart disease and congenital heart disease may be the most common cause for pulmonary hypertension in China,and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is the most common cause for the Class Ⅲ PH,in which the patients are old.

Neurological melioidosis in East Malaysia: Case series and review of the literature

Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by an aerobic, non-spore forming gram negative bacillus, Burkholderia pseudomallei. It is known to be of high incidence in parts of rural South East Asia, and in Northern Australia. Pneumonia is the commonest manifestation. We report here three cases of neurological melioidosis from the registry of 169 cases of melioidosis in Bintulu Hospital, Sarawak, East Malaysia, with a review of neurological melioidosis in the literature. The annual incidence of melioidosis is estimated to be 8 per 100,000 populations in the Bintulu district. Neurological melioidosis accounts for 1.8% of our melioidosis cases. A review of 76 cases of neurological melioidosis reported in the literature inclusive of our 3 cases shows that localized brain or spinal inflammation or abscess is the most common manifestation occurring in 80% of patients. Close to half (53%) have intra axial abscess (brain or spinal cord), a quarter (27%) have extra axial lesions only (epidural or subdural collection, osteomyelitis or scalp abscess), and another quarter (27%) have both intra and extra axial lesions. Thus, B. pseudomallei appears to be unique among the bacterial central nervous system infection to be able to affect the brain and its contiguous tissues, crossing the tissue plane particularly resulting in osteomyelitis, scalp abscess and vice versa. Two thirds of the neurologicalmelioidosis patients have only neurological disease with no evidence of disease elsewhere. Key words: Burkholderia pseudomallei; neurological melioidosis; Bintulu; Sarawak; Malaysia

Study on composition of essential oils in three different origins' Curcumae Rhizoma by AMDIS and retention index / 中国中药杂志

To compare the differences of essential oils extracted from Curcumae Rhizoma with different origins. The TIC of the essential oils of Curcumae Rhizoma from three different origins recorded by CP(2010) , were investigated by GC-MS combined with automated mass spectral deconvolution and identification system(AMDIS),steps as follow： firstly, overlapped peaks were resolved by AMDIS,secondly, NIST11.L standard MS spectral database combined with retention index were used to assist qualitative analysis, thirdly, the peak area of each split peak were determined by choosing the characteristic fragment ion peak, finally, the relative percentage contents of each compounds were determined through peak area normalization method. The results showed that the components of the essential oils of Curcumae Rhizoma from three origins were different from each other at various degree. In conclusion, the types and content of essential oils could be an indicator to evaluate the quality of Curcumae Rhizoma from different origins and its geoherbalism.

Study on the effects of smoking cessation methods based on the cognitive intervention in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease / 中国医师杂志

Objective To investigate quitting motivation of smoking patients with mild and moder-ate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD) and evaluate the effects of smoking cessation methods based on cognitive intervention.Methods A total of 102 smoking patients with mild and moderate COPD from the outpatient department was divided into 4 blocks according to their intention of quitting smoking.Pa-tients in each block were randomly divided into intervention and control groups.Results ⑴All the re-spondents were at an average age of (61.3 ±12.3) years old.The sex ratio of men to women was 99∶3. The average smoking index (bag/year) in all the respondents was (39.81 ±11.53).The average daily smoking was (14.22 ±2.30) packs.The respondents with a lower degrees accounted for 55.9%and the respondents with high nicotine dependence 49.0%.A total of 39 people (38.2%) hoped to give up smok-ing, 20 people (19.6%) strongly hoped to give up smoking.⑵The main reasons for smoking included en-joyment (7.02), dependence (6.88), and calm (6.55).⑶There were statistically significant difference in the half-year continuous abstinence rates (χ2 =4.993, P =0.025) and in June quit rates (χ2 =6.668, P =0.010) between the intervention (58.82%) and control (33.33%) groups.The weight gain had sig-nificant difference between the intervention and control groups at the 3rd month ( t =2.65, P <0.01) or 6th month ( t =2.07, P <0.05) after quitting smoking.Conclusions The quitting motivation of smoking patients with mild and moderate COPD is not strong, while the smoking cessation methods based on cogni-tive intervention are effective for those patients.